CUBA the Spanish gunboat Relampago, by a torpedo in the Rio Cauto. In January General Weyler narrowly escaped capture, through the failure of a well-laid plan to entrap him; but in March the Cuban general, Juan Ruis Rivera, was surprised, wounded, and taken prisoner. The use of dynamite by the insurgents wrought much destruction, and caused great demoralization among the Spanish troops. 329 Meanwhile want and disease ravaged the island, sparing neither the wretched reconcentrados nor the raw and unacclimated Spanish levies. Marshal Blanco took steps to ameliorate the condition of the pacificos, and issued a proclamation of amnesty to those charged with rebellion. The aid of the International Red Cross Society was invoked for the relief of the suffering, and the accumulating stories of misery aroused not only American generosity, but also a longing to put an end, once for all, to such horrors. On the 21st of November an adventurous band of Cubans raided Casa Blanca, opposite Havana, and actually saluted the new governor-general in his palace with a volley of rifle-balls. The year 1898 found the Cubans still bent on gaining their independence by force of arms, despite Governor Blanco's friendly overtures. A Spanish colonel, Joaquin Ruiz, going on a mission to his personal friend, Gen. Nestor Aranguren, of the Cuban army, to attempt to win him to the cause of home rule, was executed by Aranguren, in pursuance of strict military orders and of an oath to put to death all who ventured to broach the subject of autonomy to the patriots. A month later Aranguren was himself entrapped and slain by a Spanish force sent for the special purpose of avenging the death of Ruiz. On the 4th of February the queen regent promulgated, and on the 20th of April decreed, a scheme of reform for the government of Cuba, granting many features of home rule, but reserving much arbitrary power in the hands of the governor-general and the home government. On the prospect of a demand by the United States government for the release of Julio Sanguily, an American citizen charged with conspiracy and sentenced to imprisonment for life, the Spanish authorities granted his discharge on his waiver of the right of appeal. Despite repeated successes of the insurgents, and the fact that they were in virtual control of a large part of the island, General Weyler reported to his home government that he had effected a pacification of the island. But his idea of pacification was simply the substitution of starvation for military force,-a policy which he proceeded to carry out by means of his infamous order of "reconcentration." This scheme involved the massing of the country people within certain defined areas, where close guard could be kept With a view to ascertaining whether the reported upon them. The pacificos thus affected were gathered horrors of reconcentration were facts or merely into huge camps; their lands were laid waste, and sensational stories, Senators Proctor, Gallinger, and their property was destroyed, so that no sustenance Thurston visited the island and personally investishould be left in the country for the insurgents. gated the camps of the pacificos. On their return Thus shut up, with scant supplies and no resources, to the United States they addressed the Senate in these peaceful inhabitants were left to rot by starva- powerful language and recounted stories of horror tion and disease until the horrors became too much that still further keyed up the American people to for even Spanish ears to bear. In the United States a high pitch of nervous and wrathful excitement, the reports from consuls and others aroused public which found partial vent in an outpouring of pecunfeeling to a high tension, and the proposition in Con- iary and substantial aid for the victims of Weyler's ingress (suggested by the President) to appropriate a human policy. This aid was distributed by the Red relief fund for the alleviation of this suffering led to Cross Society and other agencies, despite vexatious argent calls for intervention in any practicable form. obstacles thrown in their way by Spanish officials. On the 20th of May the United States Senate passed a resolution recognizing the belligerency of the insurgents; but the measure was never acted on by the House of Representatives. Watchful activity in both Houses for American interests continued, and the country manifested its keen interest in the Cuban situation, and a growing impatience. The capture of the town of Victoria de las Tunas by General Garcia in the early autumn was marked by heavy slaughter of the defeated Spaniards, especially of the guerrilla troops, and public resentment against General Weyler was so aroused in Spain for his loss of a place reported by him to be impregnable that the Spanish government recalled him, and appointed Marshal Blanco to fill the vacancy. The scheme of Cuban autonomy was also put in force about this time; but the insurgent provisional government pursued its own course, and held an election of a president and cabinet for the inchoate Cuban Republic. The plan of autonomy met with little success; the Cubans, now so near their goal of independence, manifesting no interest in its adoption, and even making a formal protest against its establishment. Senator Proctor may be quoted in part as follows: "Outside Havana all. . . is disolation and distress, misery and starvation. Every town and village is surrounded by a trocha, a sort of rifle-pit, with a barbed-wire fence on the outer side of the trench, and at frequent intervals small blockhouses. loopholed for musketry, and with a guard of from two to ten soldiers in each. Their huts, usually crowded together, have no floor and no furniture." The people "wear but little clothing; . . . the commonest sanitary provisions are impossible. . . . Torn from their homes, with foul earth, foul air, foul water, and foul food or none, what wonder that one-half have died, and that one-quarter of the living are so diseased that they cannot be saved. A form of dropsy is a common disorder. . . . Little children are still walking about with arms and chest terribly emaciated, eyes swollen, and abdomen bloated to three times the natural size. . . . These cases are hopeless." In Havana much irritation against Americans was manifested by the turbulent Volunteers, and it became necessary for Gov. Blanco to guard the United States consulate. With the avowed object of reestab 330 CUCUTA-CUEVAS DE VERA lishing friendly and social relations between the two mutually satisfactory relations between the com- CABINET: Secretary of State and Justice, Carlos GOVERNORS OF PROVINCES: Havana, General Emilio Nuñez; Pinardel Rio, Colonel Luis Perez; Santiago de Cuba, General Francisco Echavarria; Santa Clara, General José Miguel Gomez; Puerto Principe, General Lope Recio; Mantanzas, Colonel Domingo Lecuona. On the 9th of April Consul-General Lee quitted Havana, and American residents and others sought refuge in the United States and elsewhere from the coming storm of battle. American relief for the reconcentrados was still distributed among the sufferers, but on the 22d of April the blockade of Cuban ports by American ships was begun, and the island was virtually sealed up. The war which followed (see UNITED STATES, in these Supplements), resulted in the relinquishment by Spain of all claim of sovereignty over the island of Cuba, with a provision for its occupation by the United States pending the pacification of the island and the estab- CUCUTA OR SAN JOSÉ DE CUCUTA, a city lishment of a stable government. A commission, of northwestern Colombia, in the department of Sanconsisting of Generals James F. Wade and Matthew tander, lat. 7° 50' N., near the Venezuelan boundary. C. Butler, and Admiral W. T. Sampson, was ap-In the neighborhood are raised great quantities of pointed by the President, on August 16, to arrange sugar, panelu, cacao, tobacco and rice. Pop. 10,000. the details of evacution with a similar Spanish com- CUDBEAR. See ARCHIL, Vol. II, p. 381. mission. At noon on the 1st of January, 1899, the CUDLIP, MRS. PENDER HODGE, better known Spanish flag was hauled down at Havana and was by her maiden name of Annie Thomas; was replaced by the Stars and Stripes, formal posses-born at Aldborough, Suffolk, England, and was sion being given to the American authorities by the representatives of the former great Power that had held the island of Cuba almost uninterruptedly for over four hundred years. In anticipation of the cession of the island according to treaty, the President, on the 13th of Dec., 1898, appointed Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke governor-general of Cuba, a position similar in its scope to that of the former captains-general. The island had been divided into seven military departments each under command of an army officer, responsible to the governor-general of the island. General Brooke was assisted by a cabinet of four members, the incumbents of which were Cubans. In the autumn of 1899 Major-General J. R. Brooke retired from the governor-generalship of the island and was succeeded by Major-General Leonard Wood. a married in 1867 to the Rev. P. H. Cudlip. Among her best known works are Theo Leigh; A Passion in Tatters; He Cometh Not, She Said, and Allerton Towers. She has written more than 100 novels and stories. W.F.J. CUDWEED, a popular name of many species of plants belonging to the natural order Composite, whose stems and leaves are more or less covered with a whitish, cottony down. They may be kept a long time without undergoing much apparent change, and may therefore be reckoned among everlasting flowers. The common cudweeds of the United States are species of Gnaphalium. CUERNAVACA, Mexico, the capital of the state of Morelos, on the Mexico railroad, 36 miles S.W. of Mexico City. It was the native Cuanhuahuac, and is picturesquely built on the mountain slopes of a valley; in the vicinity are Aztec remains, and the court-house was the winter palace of Cortez. Sugar raising is the chief inPop., 8,800. C.L.S. CUERO, a city of southeastern Texas, capital of De Witt County, situated on the Guadalupe River, and on the San Antonio and Aransas Pass and Southern Pacific railroads, 80 miles E. of San Antonio. It contains a number of large cotton-gins and a variety of manufactories. Population 1900, 3,422. During the American occupation of Cuba, order CUEVAS DE VERA, a town of southeastern Spain, 42 miles N.E. of Almeria, situated on the Almanzora, about twenty miles from its entrance into the Mediterranean. It has a fine old Moorish castle, and in the neighborhood are rich old silver-mines, still steadily producing. It has manufactories of hardware, earthenware, wine and oil. Population, 20,02%. CUFFEE-CULLUM CUFFEE, PAUL, an American negro philanthropist; born in Westport, Massachusetts, in 1759. His father was an African-born slave, who purchased his freedom and bought a farm of 10 acres in Massachusetts. His mother was a Nantucket Indian. In 1775 he was a sailor on a whaling vessel, and in 30 years owned landed property, houses, stores, a ship, two brigs, and several smaller craft. He built a schoolhouse, employed a teacher, and opened at his own expense the only public school in his native town. In 1811 he sailed for Sierre Leone in his ship, the Traveler, with a colored crew, and instituted the Friendly Society of Sierra Leone. When he visited London he was warmly received by Wilberforce and Clarkson, and commissioned by the African institution to carry goods to Sierra Leone. He died September 7, 1818, while arranging for the colonization of that country. W.M.C. CUFIC WRITING. See INSCRIPTIONS, Vol. XIII, p. 123. CUICHUNCHULLI, the Peruvian Ionidium parviflorum, a plant of the violet family, ing very active emetic and purgative properties, and an alleged remedy for elephantiasis. W.R.B. 331 | whose second queen died here, and which in 1543 was made collegiate. Cullen has been a royal burgh since about 1200, and unites with Elgin and five other places to return one member to Parliament. Population, 2,100. CULLEN, PAUL, clergyman; was born in County Kildare, Ireland, on April 27, 1803, and became a Roman Catholic priest in 1829. He was, in 1850, made archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland, and in 1866 he was made a cardinal, being the first Irishman to attain that rank. He was a close friend of Pope Pius IX. He died on October 24, 1878. W.F.J. CULLMAN, a town and the capital of Cullman CULLOM, SHELBY MOORE, an American CUIRASSIERS, the name given heavy cavalry who wear the "cuirass" and helmet. They are the modern representatives of the troopers of the 16th and 17th centuries who were similarly ac-torney. coutred. The German Army has 12 regiments of cuirassiers, the cuirass being of white metal with a brass plate. Russia has 4 regiments of cuirassiers, whose cuirass is of iron, covered with a thin layer of copper and weighs 30 lbs.; that is, twice as much as those of other armies. The French have 12 regiments of cuirassiers, whose cuirass is of steel with brass plate. Napoleon at one time had a body-guard of cuirassiers called "Centgardes," whose cuirass was of aluminum much lighter than steel ones, but like theirs not proof against a rifle-bullet striking them squarely. The only C. in the British army are the Life Guards and Horse Guards. W.R.B. CULENBORG OR KUILENBURG, a fortified town of the Netherlands, situated on the river Leck, 10 miles N. W.of Thiel. It has manufactories of arms, silk fabrics and twist. Population, 7,655. CULIACAN, a town of Mexico, 90 miles S. E. of Cuialoa, in a fertile tract on the river Culiacan, and the capital of the state of Sinaloa. It is a depot for goods passing between Guaymas and Mazatlan. Much of its wealth is derived from the rich silvermines in the neighboring mountains. The principal structure in the city is the mint. Pop., 10,000. CULILAWAN BARK OR CLOVE BARK," the medicinal aromatic bark of the Cinnamomum culilawan, a tree allied to the cinnamon tree, growing in the Molucca Islands. It is fibrous and has an odor of nutmeg. W.R.B. CULLEN, a fishing-town of Banffshire, on the Moray Firth, northeastern Scotland, 67 miles N.W. of Aberdeen by railway. It has a cruciform parish church, founded by Robert Bruce, 66 SHELBY M. CULLOM. E.E.T. In CULLUM, GEORGE W., soldier, was born in New York City on February 25, 1809, and was graduated from West Point in 1833. He entered the engineer corps and was engaged in the construction of Fort Adams, and afterward Forts Warren, Trumbull, Winthrop, Sumter, and others. In the Mexican War he had charge of mining, sapping and pontoon works. He was for some years an instructor at West Point, and in 1861 was on the staff of General Scott. For the next two years he was a brigadier-general and a member of Halleck's staff. In 1864 he became superintendent of the West Point Academy, and was brevetted a major-general. He retired from West Point in 1866 and was engaged for eight years in engineering works in and about New York. In 1874 he was retired under the law for age, and devoted himself to literary and scientific work. He compiled a Biographical Register of the Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, and trans 332 CULMINATION-CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH lated Dupracq's Elements of Military Life and History. He married the widow of General Halleck, inherited at her death her large fortune, continued her charitable works, and gave $290,000 for the Memorial Hall at West Point, $100,ooo to the New York Geographical Society, and other large gifts. He died in New York on February 28, 1892. W.F.J. CULMINATION, the attainment of the highest point of its greatest altitude; the act of reaching the meridian. Thus the sun at midday is at his culmination, and the culmination of a mountain chain is its highest peak. W.R.B. CULPEPER, Virginia, the seat of Culpeper County, 62 miles south west of Washington, on the Southern and the Chesapeake & Ohio railroads. Its industries include farming, stock-raising, lumbering, flour-milling, cement, and other manufactures. Population, 1900, 1,618. C.L.S. CULPEPER, THOMAS, also spelled CULPEPPER and COLEPEPER, colonial governor of Virginia; was born in England, about 1635, the son of John, first Lord Culpeper. He succeeded to his father's title in 1660, became governor of the Isle of Wight in 1661, and in 1675 was appointed governor of Virginia for life. He came to America in 1680 for a time, but persisted in returning to England and spending so much time there, and in accepting or extorting presents corruptly from the Virginia Assembly, that in 1683 his commission as governor was declared forfeited. Thereafter no more governors were appointed for life. Culpeper appears to have been an able man, but covetous and unscrupulous. In the Isle of Wight he was arbitrary and tyrannical to such a degree that the people were moved to petition for his removal from office. In Virginia, despite the impoverished condition of the colony, he enriched himself by the device of purchasing Spanish coins at five shillings each and then, by proclamation, declaring them to be legal tender for six shillings each. The best features of his administration were his procurement of acts pardoning all who had taken part in Bacon's Rebellion and forbidding the frequent assemblage of slaves, the latter being intended to prevent a servile insurrection. He died in England in 1719. W.F.J. CULROSS, a seaport town in the southern section of Perthshire, central eastern Scotland, on the Forth River, 22 miles W.N.W. of Edinburgh. It is of interest because it has the remains of Culross Abbey, founded by the Bruces of Carnock and Kinlose, about the end of the sixteenth century. Toward the end of the eighteenth century it was occupied by Lord Dundonald. ČULVERIN. See ARTILLERY, Vol. II, p. 573. Its principal public buildings are the court-house, city hall and jail. Bituminous coal is mined in the vicinity, and large quantities are shipped from this point. Population, 1890, 12,729; 1900, 17,128. See CUMBERLAND, Vol. VI, p. 618. CUMBERLAND, a city of Maryland and county seat of Alleghany County, located on the north bank of the Potomac River, at the mouth of Wells Creek, at the western terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and at the southeastern terminus of the Pittsburg, Washington and Baltimore railroad. A bridge crosses the Potomac River at this point. The city contains five public schools and one academy. CUMBERLAND, a town in Providence County, R. I., situated on Blackstone River. Pop., 1900, 8, 925. CUMBERLAND GAP, a pass 1,675 feet above sea-level in the Cumberland Mountains, at the northeastern corner of Tennessee and the converging point of Kentucky and Virginia. The gap is narrow, cuts through hills about 500 feet high, and since 1891 has been traversed by the Louisville & Nashville, and the Southern railroads. The gap was fortified by the Confederates during the Civil War and witnessed evacuation and possession by both sides, being finally assaulted and captured Sept. 9, 1863, by General Burnside, commanding the Union forces. The railway village of CUMBERLAND GAP is in Claiborne County, Tennessee. Pop., 500. C.L.S. CUMBERLAND ISLAND, an island of Baffin Land, the most eastern part of that land and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait at its northeastern end. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a ridge of the Cumberland Plateau, in the western Appalachians, extending southeastward from Bigstone Gap in Virginia along the Kentucky boundary into Tennessee. Its peaks rise from six to eight hundred feet above the Plateau, which is 2,000 feet above sea-level. The Louisville & Nashville railroad skirts the southern base of the ridge, and facilitates the distribution of the coal, slate, and valuable lumber, obtained from its slopes. C.L.S. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, a flourishing offshoot of the Presbyterian Church, the outgrowth of the Cumberland Presbytery in Tennessee, which came into existence in 1810. The movement can be traced to the revival of 1800, in which the Rev. James McGready's very pointed discourses created dissensions among the members of the Transylvania Presbytery, of which the members of Cumberland County were still a part. Two parties thus were formed in the Presbytery, the revivalists and antirevivalists. The former held the distinctive views which were the cause of the separation from the mother church. Meantime the pressing needs for preachers were so apparent that the Transylvania Presbytery, after a severe struggle, agreed to allow probationers to preach, who had not acquired a complete classical education. In 1802 the Synod of Kentucky divided the Transylvania Presbytery, forming a new one; the Cumberland Presbytery, embracing the county of that name. The Cumberland Presbytery, now having the power to choose its own preachers, licensed and ordained them, with the allowance to "except the idea of fatality." This was the rock upon which the church split. This exception was termed "adopting the confession with reservations" by the opponents of the Cumberland Presbytery, and the matter was brought before the Synod of Kentucky in 1804, at which all the members of the Cumberland CUMBERLAND RIVER-CUMMINGS C.L.S. 333 CUMIANA, a town of western Piedmont, northwestern Italy, in the province of Turin, seven miles N. of Pinerolo, near the right bank of the Cisola. Population, 6,358. Presbytery were cited to appear, but they did not | trict" immortalized by Wordsworth, Coleridge do so. The following year, a "commission, with and Southey, which is annually visited by thousynodical powers," met with the Cumberland sands of tourists. The mountains cover an area Presbytery, and proposed to re-examine members about 40 miles long and 36 miles wide, attaining already so ordained, but the Presbytery would a maximum altitude of 3,216 feet in Scaw Fell, not submit to this. The Synod in 1806 suspended Cumberland. some of the members of the Cumberland Presbytery for refusing to submit its young men for reexamination, dissolved Cumberland Presbytery, and attached some of its members to Transylvania Presbytery. The ministers and probationers thus cut off from the Synod formed themselves into a council for the purpose of securing the redress of their grievances. Four years passed in fruitless effort in this direction. Feb. 4, 1810, an independent presbytery was formed, to which the name of Cumberland was given, the new presbytery meeting for the first time, March 10th. At this meeting the confession and discipline of the Presbyterian Church was adopted, with the exception of the "idea of fatality," and provisions were made as to the scholarship of licenIn 1813 the first Synod was formed, the name of Cumberland being also given to it. It also formulated a doctrinal statement, giving the points of dissent from the Westminster Confession, the statement including the following: "1. That there are no eternal reprobates; 2. That Christ died, not for a part only, but for all mankind; 3. That all infants dying in infancy are saved through Christ and the sanctification of the Spirit; 4. That the Spirit of God operates on the world, or as co-extensively as Christ has made the atonement, in such a manner as to leave all men inexcusable." The Synod continued until 1828, when it was decided to form a General Assembly, the first General Assembly being held at Princeton, Kentucky, May 19, 1829. The church then consisted of four synods and eighteen presbyteries. The church was now upon a foundation of security. In 1827 a college was organized at Princeton, Kentucky, for the benefit of its clerical students. In 1845 Cumberland University was founded at Lebanon, Tennessee, the activity of which, interupted during the Civil War, has been extensive, its law school being recognized as the first in the South. Other educational institutions are in existence; the church being besides well organized in all other directions. CUMBERLAND RIVER, 600 miles long, rises in Tennessee in the Cumberland Mountains, and after a winding W. by N. course through Kentucky and Tennessee, re-enters Kentucky, and joins the Ohio at Smithland, 11 miles above the mouth of the Tennessee River. CUMBRE, LA (Sp. "top' or "height"), one of the principal passes across the Andes, on the main road between Santiago, in Chile, and Mendoza, in the Argentine Republic. Its crest is 12,454 feet high. C.L.S. CUMBRIAN MOUNTAINS, England, a granitic range extending over parts of the counties of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, and embracing the celebrated "Lake Dis CUMMING, CONSTANCE FREDERICA GORDON-, Scottish author and traveler; born at Altyre House, Morayshire, May 26, 1837, the daughter of Sir William Gordon Gordon-Cumming, second baronet, and Eliza Campbell of Islay, granddaughter of Elizabeth Gunning, one of the beautiful "Gunning sisters," who married John, fifth duke of Argyll. Her brother, Roualeyn George, was the African "lion hunter." In 1867, invited to visit a married sister in India, she developed a passion for travel. She penetrated beyond the Himalayas and explored Chinese Tartary, and during the next twelve years visited various Eastern countries and Pacific islands. Her travels are recorded in her works which include In the Hebrides; In the Himalayas; Via Cornwall to Egypt; At Home in Fiji; A Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of-War; Fire Mountains of Hawaii; Granite Crags of California; Wanderings in China; The Inventor of the Numeral Type, a system for the use of illiterate Chinese both blind and seeing being described therein; and has devoted her energies lately to the development of the same. R. C. A. CUMMING, JOHN, a Scottish divine and author; born in Fintry parish, Aberdeenshire, Nov. 10, 1807. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1827, and in 1832 was ordained to the Scotch Church, Crown Court, Covent Garden, London, where he preached with great popularity and success till 1879. Edinburgh University gave him the degree of D.D. in 1844. He was active in philanthropic projects, and as a controversialist and lecturer, both against the party that formed the Scotch Free Church and in the "antipopery" cause; but his celebrity was chiefly due to his writings on the interpretation of prophecy. His audacity in this perilous enterprise drew upon him much ridicule. In 1868 he asked the pope if he might attend the Ecumenical Council, but his application was rejected. through Archbishop Manning. His works number over a hundred various publications. Among them are Apocalyptic Sketches (3 series, 1848-50); Prophetic Studies (1850); Signs of the Times (1854); The Millennial Rest (1862); Ritualism the Highway to Rome (1867); The Sounding of the Last Trumpet (1867); and The Seventh Vial (1870). After some years of ill health, he died, July 5, 1881. CUMMINGS, AMOS JAY, journalist; was born in Broome County, New York, on May 15, 1841, and in boyhood learned the printer's trade in a country newspaper office. He served in the Civil War, in the Army of the Potomac, |