FISK, CLINTON BOWEN, an American soldier and educator; born in Greigsville, New York, Dec. 8, 1828. In 1830 he was taken to Michigan, where his father founded the town of Clinton. He was educated at Albion and Ann Arbor and afterward settled in business at Coldwater, Michigan, and St. Louis, Missouri. He entered the army in 1861, rose rapidly to the rank of brevet majorCLINTON B. FISK. general, and was commander of the Missouri district. After the war he was a commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau, and founder of Fisk University at Nashville, Tennessee, for colored men and women, with which he remained as president until his death. From 1874 until his death he was president of the Indian Commission. He was prominently connected with many educational and religious institutions. In 1888 he was the candidate of the Prohibition party for President of the United States. He died in New York July 9, 1890. FISK, JAMES, an American jurist; born in Vermont in 1762. He practised law at Swanton; sat as a Democrat in the national House of Representatives, 1805-09 and 1811-15; declined the office of United States judge for the Territory of Indiana in 1812; was judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont, 1815-16; United States senator from Dec. 1, 1817, to November 16, 1818; and was collector of customs for the district of Vermont, 1818-26. He died at Swanton, Dec. 1, 1844. E.E.T. FISK, WILLBUR, an American clergyman and educator; born in Brattleboro, Vt., Aug. 31, 1792. He graduated at Brown University in 1815. He studied law, but in 1818 joined the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was stationed at Charlestown, Mass., 1819-20; presiding elder of the Vermont district, 1823-27; chaplain to the Vermont legislature, 1826; principal of Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., 1826-31; and was president of Wesleyan University from 1832 till his death, which occurred at Middletown, Conn., Feb. 22, 1839. E.E.T. FISKE, JOHN (EDMUND FISKE GREEN), an American historian and philosopher; born in Hartford, Connecticut, March 30, 1842. At the age of thirteen he assumed the name of his great grandfather, John Fiske. He was graduated from Harvard in JOHN FISKE. 1863 and from the Harvard Law School in 1864. He was admitted to the bar in the same year but never practiced. | 655 His His first contribution to literature was in 1861 when he wrote a criticism of Buckle's History of Civilization in England. In 1869 he was appointed a lecturer at Harvard and in 1872 became assistant librarian. In 1879 he went to England and delivered a series of lectures on American history. In 1884 he was appointed to the chair of American history in Washington University at St. Louis, where for some years he held annual lecture courses. He had by this time established an international reputation as a thinker and writer in evolutionary philosophy and as the foremost expounder to English-speaking students of Herbert Spencer's philosophical system. Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, Based on the Doctrine of Evolution (1874) won strong approbation from Darwin. In 1879 his attention was turned toward American history and thereafter his philosophical studies took a secondary place. In his Idea of God (1885) and Origin of Evil (1886) he gave ultimate presentation of his confirmed views on questions of philosophy and religion. In his historical work he is particularly strong in early American research and his writings are in a most pleasing narrative style and particularly dramatic. His published works, in addition to the volumes already mentioned, include Myths and Mythmakers (1872); The Unseen World (1876); Darwinism and Other Essays (1879); Excursions of an Evolutionist (1883); The Destiny of Man (1884); American Political Ideas, Viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History (1885); The Critical Period of American History (1888); The War of Independence (1889); The Beginnings of New England; or the Puritan Theocracy in Its Relation to Civil and Religious Liberty (1889-98); Civil Government in the United States (1890); The American Revolution, Considered with Some Reference to Its Origin (1891); The Discovery of America, with Some Account of American Antiquity and the Spanish Conquest (1892); History of the U. S. for Schools (1894); Edward Livingston Youmans (1894); Old Virginia and Her Neighbors (1897); The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America (1899); Through Nature of God (1899); New France and New England (1902), and Essays, Literary and Historical (1902). Died in Gloucester, Mass., July 4, 1901. w.M.C. FISKE, MINNIE MADDERN, an American actress; born in New Orleans in 1860, daughter of Thomas Davey, a Southern manager, and Lizzie Maddern, of an English family of stage people. At the age of three she appeared on the stage at Little Rock, Arkansas, as the Duke of York in Richard III. Her education was supervised carefully by her mother, who devoted her life to the purpose. Miss Maddern appeared with Laura Keene, in New York, in Hunted Down; as Prince Arthur in King John, at Booth's Theater; as François in Richelieu; as Louise in The Two Orphans. She was the original Ralph Rackstraw in Hooley's Juvenile Pinafore Company, and at the age of 16 appeared as Clip in A Messenger from Jarvis Section, and continued the success made 656 FISK UNIVERSITY-FITZGERALD therein by appearing in Caprice. In 1890 she In 1890 she married Harrison Grey Fiske, editor of the New York Dramatic Mirror, and retired from the stage to prepare for a career in more pretentious plays. She was recognized at once as a powerful actress on her reappearance, her later successes being in Marie Delroche; A Doll's House; A Light from St. Agnes; The White Pink; Cesarine; Divorçons; Tess of the D'Urbervilles; and Becky Sharp. FISK UNIVERSITY, Nashville, Tenn., a coeducational institution for the higher education of colored persons, founded in 1867 by Clinton Bowen Fisk, after whom it is named, and nominally under the control of the Congregational Church. In 1901 there were 30 instructors, 502 students, and about 7,142 volumes in the library. Inclusive of 1901, 433 had been graduated. The institution has a small endowment, which is augmented by yearly contributions of various benevolent societies. In 1901 its total income was $44,230. The majority of the students are supported by means of the manual-labor department. A complete industrial system is taught, and, in addition to the collegiate course, special instruction in medicine, theology, and normal teaching is given. FISSIROSTRES, a name formerly used to denote a large group of birds included in the order Passeres or Insessores. The word means "splitbeaked," and refers to the habit of catching insects on the wing. Such birds as the swallows were included in this title. R.W.C. FITCH, ASA, an American physician and entomologist; born in Clinton County, New York, February 24, 1809. He was graduated from the University of New York, studied medicine and became a practicing physician. He had meanwhile studied natural history and especially entomology. In 1837 he abandoned his profession to devote his time to natural science. He was made state entomologist in 1854. He died in Salem, New York, April 8, 1878. W.M.C. FITCH, ASHBEL PARMELEE, lawyer and publicist, was born in Clinton County, N. Y., on October 8, 1848, and was educated in the universities of Berlin and Jena, Germany. He became a lawyer and politician in New York City, and was elected a representative in Congress, as a Republican, in 1886. Being opposed to the Protectionist policy, he was never in full agreement with the Republican party, and during his Congressional term he separated himself from it on the tariff issue and became a Democrat. He was three times reelected to Congress as a Democrat, and was a conspicuous member of the House. In 1893 he was elected controller of the City of New York, and served until 1898, showing high ability as a municipal financier. He was a stu dent of literature, and collected a notably fine library. He died on May 3, 1904. W.F.J. FITCH, EBENEZER, educator, was born at Norwich, Conn., on September 26, 1756, was graduated from Yale College in 1777, and was a tutor there for eight years. Thence he went to Williamstown, Mass., and became principal of a school, which was presently developed into Williams College, of which he was the first president, from 1793 to 1815. Thereafter he was pastor of a Presbyterian Church at Bloomfield, N. Y., until 1827. He died at Bloomfield on March 21, 1833. W.F.J. FITCH, JOSHUA GIRLING, a British inspector of schools; born in 1824. He graduated from the University of London, and entered immedi ately into educational work. From 1852 to 1856 he was vice-principal of the Normal College. He became principal, and in 1863 was appointed a government school inspector. He was active in the service until 1894, when he retired from pub He was at various times special commissioner, and in 1888 visited America. He pubiished Notes on American Schools and Colleges (1888) and a number of essays on teaching. FITCH, JOHN LEE, artist, was born at Hartford, Conn., in 1836, and studied art in Europe. For a number of years he was settled at Hartford, but the latter portion of his life was spent in New York City and its suburbs. His best paintings were woodland scenes, such as In the Woods, A Mountain Brook, Twilight on the Brook, etc. Most of his works were exhibited in New York. at Yonkers, N. Y., in 1896. He died W.F.J. FITCHBURG, a city of north-central Massachusetts, in Worcester County, on the Nookagee River, and on the Fitchburg and New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads. The growth of the city during the last decade has been considerable. A well-equipped fire department has been established, with 60 telegraphic fire-alarm stations. There were, in 1890, 12 churches and 24 school buildings, the latter being valued at $275,000. A public library and art-gallery building costing $90,000 has been donated to the city by one of its public-spirited citizens, and another has given $450,000 for the establishment and endowment of a public hospital. The library contains 22,310 vol. umes. Manufacturing is carried on extensively, the principal establishments being paper-mills, machine-shops, iron foundries, saw factories, cot. ton, woolen and flour mills, shoe factories, woodturning establishments and shirt factories. It has street-railways, electric lights and other modern city conveniences. Population 1880, 12,429; 1890, 22,037; 1900, 31,531. See also FITCHBURG, Vol. IX, p. 236. FITZGERALD, AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, Duke of Leinster, an Irish nobleman, the third of his title; born in London, Aug. 31, 1791. He succeeded to his title and estates when he was 13 years of age. He took part in British politics as a Liberal, but in Irish politics he was a Conservative. He received the appointment of lord-lieutenant of County Clare, Ireland, in 1831, and was a mem FITZGERALD-FIVE FORKS 657 ber of the Queen's Privy Council. He died in Lon- | at the College of the Barrens in Missouri, and at don, Oct. 10, 1874. Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Maryland. He became a priest of the Roman Catholic Church in 1857, and was settled over a parish at Columbus, Ohio. There he spent ten years, attracting much attention by his ability and efficiency. In 1867 he was appointed bishop of Little Rock, Arkansas. W.F. J. FITZGERALD, OSCAR PENN, an American clergyman and auther; born in Caswell County, North Carolina, August 24, 1829. He removed to California in 1855 and became editor of the Pacific Methodist and Christian Spectator. He was state superintendent of public instruction in California from 1867 to 1871 and in 1878 was appointed editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate. He was made a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in 1878. His works include California Sketches; Christian Growth; The Epworth Book; Sunset Views (1900); The W.M.C. FITZGERALD, PERCY HETHERINGTON, author; was born in County Louth, Ireland, in 1834, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was called to the bar and made crown prosecutor in northeastern Ireland. He is best known as a most prolific writer of novels and biographies, his bibliography comprising more than 200 titles. Many of his novels have been published as serials in All the Year Round and Once a Week. Week. His biographies include those of Wilkes, the Sheridans, Kitty Clive, King Theodore of Corsica, Sterne, Garrick, Charles Lamb, Dr. Dodd, Henry Irving, King William IV, King George IV, and many others. He has also written some plays, including Vanderdecken, produced by Henry Irving. FITZGERALD, EDWARD, chiefly known as the translator of the quatrains (Rubáiyát) of the Persian poet, Omar Khayyám, was born near WoodDridge, in Suffolk, England, March 31, 1809, and died at Mereton Rectory, Norfolk, June 14, 1883. His father, John Purcell, took his wife's family name of Fitzgerald on the death of her father, in 1818, and with the name he assumed the family arms. In 1816 the family, who were in good circumstances, went to France, where they resided for some years, partly at St. Germains and partly in Paris. In 1821 young Fitzgerald was sent to King Edward VI's School at Bury St. Edmunds, and from there he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his university degree in 1830. At both school and college he formed valued friendships, the more notable of which were with Thackeray, James Spedding (the editor of Lord Bacon's works) and the brothers Tenny-Day and the Word (1898). son. Another fast friendship was that formed later in life with a grandson of the poet Crabbe, which had much to do in influencing his literary and social career. After a period of travel abroad, Fitzgerald settled down in England to the life of a country gentleman, with ample leisure for reading and study, which began to bear fruit in the 50 s, when he published, anonymously, Euphranor, a platonic dialogue on chivalry, and a collection of apothegms, entitled Polonius. His scholarly and dilettanti tastes at the same time attracted him to Spanish and Persian literature, the immediate fruit of which were his translations of Six Dramas of Calderon, and a translation from the Persian of Jámi's Sálámin and Absál. Meanwhile, he pursued his reading in Persian, and came across the writings of the astronomer-poet of the eleventh FITZPATRICK, WILLIAM JOHN, an Irish century, Omar Khayyám, whose work so fasci- writer; born in Griffinrath, County Kildare, Irenated him that he soon produced a matchless trans-land, Aug. 31, 1830. He received his education lation of his now famous quatrains. Rubáiyát first appeared in its English dress in 1859, but the work took nearly ten years to be at all widely known, and then their thoughtful philosophy, akin to that of Lucretius, and the wonderful felicity of the translation, attracted many admirers, whom later years have largely increased. A second edition appeared in 1868, a third in 1872, and a fourth in 1879-all published anonymously. American editions of the Rubaiyát were published in Boston in 1878 and 1888, and in 1884 appeared the sumptuous folio edition, with 56 full-page illustrations and ornamental title by Elihu Vedder. In 1889 Fitzgerald's Letters and Literary Remains, a collection of rare charm to men of letters, were edited, in three volumes, by Dr. W. Aldis Wright, and show the manifold gifts of their author as a scholar and poet. Readers of current literature need hardly be told that Fitzgerald was, throughout his life, the intimate friend, and, at times the severe but cultured critic, of the laureate Tennyson. FITZGERALD, EDWARD, clergyman, was born at Limerick, Ireland, in 1833, and came to the United States in his boyhood. He was educated | W.F.J. in Ireland, at both Protestant and Roman Catholic FIVE FORKS, BATTLE OF, fought April 1, 1865, between the Confederates under Pickett and the Federals under Sheridan, at Five Forks, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. It was a decisive battle, being an immediate step toward the capture of Petersburg and the surrender at Appomattox. Grant had decided to move upon Lee's right and cut him off from Petersburg. To this end he sent Warren with the infantry and Sheridan with the cavalry around to the extreme left. Lee had concentrated a large force at Five Forks, determined to hold what he thought the key to 658 FLACOURTIACEÆ-FLAGG The law of 1817 re the situation. On May 31st Warren fought the bat- | sentatives, April 14, 1818. mains unchanged to the present day, the number FLACOURTIACEÆ, a family of plants of a single genus (Flacourtia), and consisting of shrubs and small trees, almost exclusively confined to the Oriental tropical regions. Many of the species produce pleasant, sweet or subacrid fruits. The family is sometimes included in Bixacea, in which Bixa orellana of tropical America is the bestknown species, the testa of whose seeds yields the well-known orange or yellow dye arnotto, or annatto. FLAD, HENRY, a German-American civil engineer; born in Bavaria, November 12, 1823. He was graduated from the University of Munich in 1846 and in the following year removed to the United States. He was chief engineer of construction of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad from 1849 to 1861. In the Civil War he began service as a private and was promoted to the rank of colonel of engineers. In 1870 he was engineer of the bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Louis and constructed the park and water system there. In 1886 he was elected president of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He was appointed a member of the Mississippi River Commission in 1892. W.M.C. FLAG, THE AMERICAN. Prior to the separation of the American colonies from England, the flags used were generally those of the mothercountry; but in 1774 Captain Markoe of the Philadelphia Light Horse used a flag with a canton of 13 stripes. In the latter part of 1775 Dr. Franklin and Messrs. Lynch and Harrison were appointed to consider the subject of a national flag. FLAGELLUM, a whiplike appendage of certain infusoria, bacteria, etc., which acts as an organ of locomotion. It may be defined as an isolated and greatly enlarged cilium. See HISTOLOGY, Vol. XII, p. 6. FLAGEOLET. See FLUTE, Vol. IX, p. 307. FLAGET, BENEDICT JOSEPH, clergyman, was born in France on November 7, 1763, and was educated at Clermont and Issy. He became a Roman Catholic priest, and professor in the seminary at Nantes. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he came to America, was a missionary in Indiana, and became a professor in Georgetown and St. Mary's colleges. In 1810 he was made bishop of the diocese of Bardstown, Kentucky. His diocese was of vast extent, reaching from the Mississippi River to the Alleghany Mountains, and from the Great Lakes to Louisiana, but it was a wilderness, containing only six priests besides himself, but he labored earnestly and the church grew. In the course of twenty-five years he founded four colleges, and many seminaries and other institutions, and saw two new dioceses formed from parts of his. In 1841 his seat was changed to Louisville, where he laid the cor nerstone of the cathedral in 1849. He died there on February 11, 1850. W.F.J. FLAGG, EDMUND, author and journalist, was born at Wiscasset, Maine, on November 24, 1815, and was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1835. He was for some time a teacher at Louisville, Ky., and then studied law and admitted to the bar but devoted his attention to journalism and authorship. He edited papers at St. Louis, Mo., and Louisville, Ky., at the latter city being associated with George Denison Prentice, and The result of this conference was a flag like was secretary of legation at Berlin in 1848 and that of the East India Company and the Sand-consul at Venice in 1850. He was also for a wich Islands-the king's colors, or union jack, year the chief of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics. representing the yet recognized sovereignty of He wrote in addition to official reports The Far England, with a field of 13 stripes, alternate red West; Venice, the City by the Sea; Northern and white, emblematic of the union of the 13 Italy Since 1849, and numerous novels, includ colonies. The new flag was hoisted for the first ing Carrero, Francis of Valois, Blanche of Artime, Jan. 2, 1776, over the camp at Cambridge. tois, The Howard Queen, and Mary Tudor. He When independence was determined on, the Brit- died in 1890. ish jack was dropped, and 13 stars substituted, representing a new constellation. Nothing further of importance was done on the question of a national flag until April 4, 1817, when Congress enacted,-. That from and after the Fourth of July, 1818, the flag of the United States be 13 izontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be 20 stars, white in a blue field; 2. That on the admission of every new state in the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that such addition shall take effect on the Fourth day of July then next succeeding such admission. The first flag unfurled under the new law was hoisted over the United States House of Repre W.F.J. FLAGG, GEORGE WHITING, artist, was born at New Haven, Conn., on June 26, 1816, and studied art in the United States and England. He was elected an associate of the National Academy in 1843, and a member in 1851. He produced a hor-variety of works, comprising portraits, historical scenes, and genre paintings. His best-known works are The Princes in the Tower, Columbus and the Egg, Washington Receiving His Mother's Blessing, The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, and The Landing of the Pilgrims. He spent much time on the island of Nantucket,and died there on January 5, 1897. W F.J. FLAGG, ISAAC, an American educator and FLAGG-FLAMMARION FLAGG, WILSON, naturalist, was born at Beverly, Mass., on November 5, 1805, and was educated at Harvard College but was not graduated there. He became a political and general writer for various newspapers and magazines in Boston, including the Atlantic Monthly, and at length turned his attention to natural history, agriculture and horticulture. He was an officer of the customhouse in Boston from 1844 to 1848, and a few years later settled at North Cambridge, Mass., where he spent the rest of his life engaged in literary work and observations of natural history. His published books include Studies in the Field and Forest, Woods and Byways in New England, Birds and Seasons of New England, and others of similar character. He died at North Cambridge on May 6, 1884. W. F. J. FLAG-OFFICER. 300-301. See NAVY, Vol. XVII, pp. 659 and become sources of light until they reach the outer zone of perfect combustion. Brightness s favored by external pressure, small internal pressure and velocity of outflow, by particles of carbon, etc., continuing in the flame. A candle flame casts a shadow in sunlight. Certain bodies give the flame characteristic colors which pyrotechnists utilize to produce picturesque effects. W. R.B. FLAMES, TEMPERATURE OF. The heat disengaged by a flame is due to the combination of combustible products with the oxygen of the air, or other burning agent. According to the researches of Becquerel the temperature of the central zone of the flame of a candle is 900° C., that of the brilliant zone 1, 200° C., and the outer zone 1,500 C. Other flames as determined by Rosetti in 1878 by his ingenious colorimeter have the following temperatures: Stearine candle, 940° C.; Locatelli lamp, 920° C.; petroleum lamp, without chimney, illuminating part, 920 C.; smoky envelope, 780° C.; petroleum lamp, with chimney, 1,030° C.; alcohol lamp, 1,170° C.; Bunsen burner, 1,360° C. The temperature of the electric arc is in the neighborhood of 3,500° C. W.R.P. FLAMINIAN WAY (VIA FLAMINIA), the great northern road of ancient Italy, leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), on the Adriatic. It was constructed by C. Flaminius during his censorship (220 B. C.), in order to secure a free communication with the recently conquered Gaulish territory. When Augustus (27 B.C.) appointed persons of consular dignity surveyors of roads for the other highways of his dominions, he reserved the care of the Flaminian Way for himself, and stock-renewed it throughout its whole length. See ROME, Vol. XX, p. 829; FLAMINIUS, Vol. IX, p. FLAGSTAFF, a village and the capital of Coconino County, northern Arizona, just south of the San Francisco Mountains, in a region of superb scenery. It is reached by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and Central Arizona railroads. Mining, lumbering, farming, and raising are its occupations. Population 1890, 963; 1900, 1,271. FLAGSTONE. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 212. FLAMBOROUGH HEAD, a promontory of the Yorkshire (northeastern England) coast, forming the northern boundary of Bridlington Bay. It terminates a range of white perpendicular chalk cliffs, six miles long, containing fossil sponges, crinoids, etc. On the headland is a lighthouse 214 feet high. FLAMBOYANT. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, pp. 377, 408. FLAME, LUMINOSITY OF, a flame may be very hot without much brilliancy, i. e., when the products of combustion are gaseous. Hydrogen burns very pale until a thread of platinum is introduced. A bit of chalk in the blow-pipe flame produces brilliant light. But when, as in the Bunsen burner, air is introduced into a gas flame, the light disappears. A candle or gas flame is not homogeneous, the interior is dark and filled with vapors which do not burn, the next area is the most brilliant because air comes in, while the exterior is dim and feeble because it is in contact with the air. The lower area is blue because the air lowers the temperature and the carbon is only partly burned. Within the flame molecules of hydrocarbon lose hydrogen by destructive distillation, the residues are carbon which oscillate within 252. FLAMMARION, CAMILLE, a French astronomer; born at Montigny-le-Roi, Feb. 25, 1842; entered the Paris Observatory in 1858, and became a popular lecturer on astronomy. Retiring in 1865, he devoted himself to the popularization of science in periodicals and books. His principal publications are The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds (1862; 30th ed. 1884); Imaginary Worlds and Real Worlds (1864; 19th ed. 1884); God in Nature (1866; 18th ed. 1882); Celestial Marvels (1865); Studies and Lectures on Astronomy (9 vols., 1866-81); History of the Heavens (1872); The Atmosphere (1872); The Stars and the Curiosities of the Heavens (1881); The Marvels of the Heavens (8th ed. 1882); Popular Astronomy (1880); Urania (1889) and Earth and Sky (1893). Flammarion made many balloon ascensions for the study of aerial phenomena, and published a work, entitled Travels in the Air. In 1892 Flammarion CAMILLE FLAMMARION. |