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calculated to deter foreigners from coming among us to reside, to aid in expanding our industry, and increase the arts among us, as well as to repress and prevent the freedom of such, in violation of the first amendment of the Constitution. All this was done for the purpose of continuing the anti-Democratic party in power. These were the natural fruits of anti-democratic principles, and were fast diminishing our prosperity and happiness, and lowering us in the estimation of mankind. The country was rescued from its fatal position by the uprising of the Democracy, and the adoption and diffusion of their benevolent principles, as we shall proceed to show.

Subsequent generations, through Congress, have refunded the fines of Lyon and Cooper, with interest, thus passing a solemn judgment upon the authors, upholders, and executors of that great political engine, the Sedition Law, July 14, 1798. The Alien and Sedition Laws, designed to crush the Democracy, and to prolong the ascendency of anti-democratic principles, had precisely the opposite effect. They crushed their authors, and were among the stepping-stones upon which the Democracy arose to power-there to remain for more than a generation in control of the Government.

6.-ANTI-DEMOCRATIC NATURALIZATION LAWS.

By the first law, passed in 1792, it was liberally provided that aliens who had been resident here two years, having good characters, might be naturalized. In 1795, the law was somewhat complicated, and extended to five years. Soon after this, political difficulties in Europe occasioned a large increase of emigration to this country. In Ireland the fires of rebellion were only kept smothered, and the British Government was the object of extensive hate and detestation. In France, the Reign of Terror and a fierce revolution were spilling some of the best blood of the nation. Italy, and some parts of Germany, and other states in Europe, were surging with political excitement. It was natural from all such places that men should leave the land of their birth, and seek liberty and personal freedom where the Constitution, following the sword, had declared ours to be the asylum of the oppressed

of every nation. Emigrants, coming under such circumstances, naturally espoused democratic principles. Their number and open political professions alarmed the anti-Democrats, and hence a change in the naturalization laws, so as to render it impossible for them to become voters for many years. On the 18th of June, 1798, a new naturalization law was passed, requiring a residence of fourteen years before an alien could be naturalized. This was followed, in seven days, by the act authorizing the President to drive out all such aliens as he should select for that purpose. In 1792, the wisdom of those who framed the Constitution fixed the period of residence at two years, and six years thereafter the fears and policy of the anti-Democrats extended it to fourteen years. Instead of providing an asylum where aliens could live in safety and enjoy liberal principles, they were denied the privilege of becoming citizens, and holding lands as such, for a long period of years. The President was clothed with power to drive them away, and perhaps subject them to punishment in a land of tyranny, for merely entertaining liberal political opinions. The Legislature of Massachusetts in 1798 proposed to amend the Constitution of the United States, increasing the disabilities of aliens. Her proposition was rejected by the New York Legislature, and failed of affirmative action in any State. Soon after Jefferson came into power, this cruel fourteen-years exaction was repealed, and the five-year law of 1795 restored. Now, the immigrant who seeks an asylum and liberty among us, not only finds it, but is permitted to become one of us, if his character proves good, and to enjoy all the rights of an American citizen. It is thus seen that, while anti-democratic principles are hostile to those born abroad, those of the Democratic party cherish and foster them, and furnish them with reasonable facilities for enjoying all the privileges of the native-born, to the end that they may pursue their industries, and, as far as they have the capacity, to work out their own happiness in their own way. Having these things in view, it cannot seem strange to the intelligent mind, that nearly all alien-born espouse democratic principles and act with the Democratic party.

7.-THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION OF 1800.

The action of the anti-Democratic or Federal party, from 1798 to the end of Mr. Adams's administration, alarmed the people and aroused the Democracy to almost superhuman action. They believed that not only the welfare, but the continuance of our representative democratic institutions mainly depended upon a sounder reading and construction of the Constitution, a closer observance of its commands, and a wiser and safer administration of our public affairs. To those who had suffered, or calmly and fully appreciated the aggravated acts out of which the limitations in the Constitution and its amendments had sprung, a civil revolution presented the only hopes of permanent improvement. Those who were influenced with the fear of banishment for mere political offence, were ready to devote every energy to be relieved from the rule of the authors of the Alien Law. Those who gloried in free speech were ready to make any sacrifice to be beyond the power of those who sought to restrain it. Calm, reflecting men joined both classes, and sought to vindicate the Constitution from the charge of permitting these aggressions upon personal liberty and independence. The revolution became complete, and free speech, a free press and personal independence were once more recognized and respected throughout the Union. The principles thus approved triumphed for full sixty years, until "higher laws" and "necessity" claimed to confer powers not authorized by the Constitution. Without even the form of law, men have been arrested and imprisoned, and held without trial, for criticising the acts of those in power, and refused the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus, though not suspended by Congress, or any lawful authority, as we shall hereafter state.

The political revolution of 1800 brought Thomas Jefferson into power. The man, his principles and administration we shall hereafter describe. It is due to the memory of Mr. Adams to say, that before his death he renewed his friendship with Jefferson, and became one of his greatest admirers. It may be stated in this connection that in 1820 he was chosen one of the electors of President, and voted for James Monroe for President, and

Daniel D. Tompkins for Vice-President, showing that he was a Democrat in his old age.

8.-ATTEMPT TO DEPRIVE MR. JEFFERSON OF HIS ELECTION.

By the Constitution, as it stood in 1800, the candidate who had the largest number of electoral votes became President, and the one having the next largest, Vice-President; and if there was a tie, one of them was elected President by the House of Representatives. The Democrats nominated Jefferson for President, and Burr for Vice-President, and supported them for those offices, and gave each seventy-three votes. The Federalists nominated John Adams for reëlection as President, and Pinckney, of South Carolina, for Vice-President, the former receiving sixty-five and the latter sixty-four votes. Messrs. Jefferson and Burr having an equal number of votes, the House had to select between them. The will of the majority was that Mr. Jefferson should be President, and Burr Vice-President. Not a human being doubted or disputed this intention. A wish to allow the majority to govern and to permit them to enjoy their wishes in this respect, and have such public agents to attend to their affairs as they chose to select, would have led to the immediate selection of Mr. Jefferson as President, and Burr as Vice-President. As the House voted by States, it was found that eight States were Democratic, six Federal, and two divided, so as to prevent Mr. Jefferson receiving a majority. To the astonishment of all, the Federal members undertook to defeat Mr. Jefferson, and to elect Burr President. Thirtyfive ineffectual ballots were taken, with the same result. The whole country became aroused, and Burr was alarmed for his own personal safety, when he communicated to the House, through a friend, that he declined all competition with Mr. Jefferson, whereupon two Federal members withdrew, leaving the Democratic members from their States to cast their votes for Mr. Jefferson, giving him ten votes, whereupon he was declared duly elected. Burr and his friends manoeuvred for votes to elect him against the wishes of the electors. It was not until he saw he could not succecd, that he yielded and receded from his position, thereby releasing the Federal members from further obligation to support

him. This course of Burr damned him to everlasting infamy, and forever disgraced the Federal leaders who were engaged in this effort to defeat the will of the electors. Its effect upon the people was to arouse them to a full consideration of the danger in which the country had been placed, and awakened a sense of justice and admiration for Mr. Jefferson, which was manifested at the next Presidential election by giving him one hundred and sixtytwo votes, and the Federal candidate only fourteen. Burr was dropped out of sight, and George Clinton was made Vice-President at the next Presidential election.

9.-THOMAS JEFFERSON.

No name is more highly venerated than that of Mr. Jefferson. He did not invent democratic principles. Principles are eternal in their nature. All that man can do is to discover and apply them. Jefferson but embodied them permanently, and became the honored representative of them. He was the very personation of that benevolence and patriotism upon which they are founded.

He was educated at William and Mary College in Virginia, and studied law under Chancellor Wythe. Although a sound lawyer, a skilful strategist, and wise counsellor, a defect in his utterance interfered with his success as an advocate. He preferred using his pen, and his countrymen were not slow to give opportunities. This was fortunate. His, far more than any other pen, guided and controlled our destiny. Both in the legislature and in popular assemblies he was called upon to write the reasons for their action. Although firm in his views, there was neither gall nor wormwood in his composition. He loved and cherished mankind, while he loathed and abhorred their faults, and detested their violences and injustice. His natural feelings were manifested when he had engraved on a seal, "Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." He was as mild and gentle as a child enjoying sunshine. His neighbors, from the oldest to the youngest, loved, revered, and confided in him. He was the idol of his household, and his slaves were proud of him as a master. No one ever heard him speak ill of others personally, even against those who had

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