of argument based on "logical exclusion"? Can you think of any other possible method of dealing with America?

PARAGRAPHS 65-67. Up to this point in the speech Burke has confined himself to the first of the two leading questions which he set out to consider, i.e., whether England ought to concede. He now turns to the second question, i.e., What should the concession be?

PARAGRAPHS 68-76. What is the exact difference between revenue acts and trade laws? Write out in your own words a statement of the inconsistency which Burke finds in the argument of his opponents on these two things.

PARAGRAPHS 77-87. This section continues the direct proof by showing that concession is in harmony with the genius of the English constitution, having been tried with success in four distinct cases after coercion had failed. A comparison is then made between these cases and the condition in America. Fix in mind the six points of similarity.

PARAGRAPHS 88-123. If Burke's analogies were applied completely, they would argue the granting of representation to the colonies, but Burke turns the argument in favor of the other method of procedure, i.e., removing the obnoxious taxes. By both direct proof and refutation he shows that this is feasible and that it will be effective; and expresses his proposals from time to time in formal resolutions, six stating the situation and three repealing the obnoxious laws. Explain the sequence of these resolutions and show how, taken together, they present a progressive logical argument.

PARAGRAPHS 124-138. This section is devoted to refutation. There are five distinct points. Phrase them in brief clear sentences.

PARAGRAPHS 139–141. The speech closes with an appeal to patriotic emotions.

NOTES ON STRUCTURE AND STYLE

PARAGRAPHS 1-14. Indicate passages which contain an unusual number of words derived from foreign languages. What effect do they have upon the style? Is the style bookish or conversational? Is it stately and rhythmical, or quick and nervous? Rewrite paragraph 3, replacing the words of Latin derivation by words of Saxon origin. Study the exact meaning of words which seem to be employed in unusual senses, e.g., "depending," "issue," "embarrassed" in paragraph 1; "comprehend," in paragraph 4; "sensible" in paragraph 14. Make a list of the twenty-five words which are least familiar and look up their derivation and meaning.

Burke is remarkable for felicitous phrases which stick in the memory: "I am not ambitious of ridicule not absolutely a candidate for disgrace." More striking examples occur in paragraphs 30, 40, and 59. Make a collection of such phrases.

PARAGRAPHS 15-64. Study the coherence of paragraph 15- the sequence, the use of connectives, the parallel structure, etc.

Sometimes a paragraph begins with the topic sentence, and the details follow. Sometimes the details come first and work up to the statement of the topic near the end. Compare, from this point of view, paragraphs 15 and 16. What is the purpose of sentence 1, paragraph 17?

Contrast paragraph 25 with those which immediately precede. This appeals to the emotions; the others appeal to the intellect. Point out wherein the language is figurative and explain the effect. What is the effect of the personal reference to Lord Bathurst?

Paragraph 36 is a paragraph of transition, one sen

tence looking backward, the other forward. Find other transitional paragraphs.

Analyze paragraphs 37-44. Notice how paragraphs 37 and 44 bind the group together. Is there any reason for the order in which the paragraphs of the group appear? State the topic sentence of each and point out the methods of development. Which are most remarkable for unity; for coherence; for emphasis?

In paragraphs 52-64, study especially the sentences. Are they varied in length and form? Cite examples of balanced structure and parallel structure. When ideas are to be amplified, the long sentence is often useful (see paragraph 59, sentence 3, and find other examples). When ideas are to be summed up and taken away as permanent possessions the short concise sentence is useful, just as merchandise may best be carried away when done up in small, compact packages (see paragraph 59, sentence 5, and cite other examples). A sentence is said to be "wellmassed" when the emphatic words are at the beginning and the end. Find examples of well-massed sentences. Coherence demands that words which are grammatically connected should not be separated by other words and phrases. Criticize from this point of view paragraph 63, sentence 1. Are there other examples? Is sentence 2, paragraph 62 a complete grammatical sentence? The chapter on The Sentence in Barrett Wendell's English Composition or in some similar text may well be read in this connection and the principles applied to the sentence structure of Burke's speech.

Sum up the qualities which give clearness to Burke's style. PARAGRAPHS 65-142. The remainder of the address may be studied in the same manner, or, better yet, another classic read and compared.

TOPICS FOR ESSAYS AND REPORTS

1. Causes of the American Revolution.

2. The Characteristics of Burke's Style.

3. Burke as a Master of Details.

4. "Refutation" in Burke's Speech on Conciliation.

5. Burke's Use of Summaries.

6. Was Burke disloyal to England?

7. The Stamp Act.

(b) THE EXPOSITORY ADDRESS

The expository address is not so stereotyped in structure as an argument. It must have a definite theme and development; but the theme is not always so precisely defined nor the development so inevitable. The theme of Washington's Farewell Address is the welfare of the country. The value of national union is emphasized, the dangers to the union pointed out, its elements of strength and security enumerated, lines of national conduct proposed; but the structure is by no means so systematic as that of Burke's Speech on Conciliation. Webster's theme in The First Bunker Hill Address is America's mission of liberty. Starting with the immediate occasion, he develops from it the value of independence, and proceeds to discuss the influence of our country on human freedom and human happiness. Yet this famous address has been called "a series of eloquent fragments." The expository address is not so closely logical, not so rigidly systematic; but it has the advantage in freedom and variety.

Certain qualities of style are especially important. Clearness is a necessity, for a hearer cannot pause to puzzle over an idea or to peruse a sentence a second time. The words, therefore, must be the language of life rather than the language of books. The syntax of the sentence must be

unmistakable, the paragraph idea must be systematically developed, the transition from thought to thought must be carefully marked. The thought itself must not be too intricate and complex. A specific and graphic style is also desirable. The common mind thinks more easily in the concrete and picturesque. Generalizations are impressed most effectively by particular examples and illustrations. An ordinary audience will not listen to an abstract and general discourse. The thought must be connected with the specific and concrete experiences of everyday life.

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS

In preparation for the study of this address an historical review should be made of the formation of the Union, the adoption of the Constitution, and the problems of Washington's administration. The text-books of history used in the schools are sufficient for the purpose.

NOTES ON THE SUBJECT MATTER

PARAGRAPHS 1-6. Retirement from office. State the characteristics of a good introduction and explain which are illustrated here. Express in your own words Washington's reasons for retiring at the end of his second term. Do they argue against a third term for other presidents? Explain in about 200 words "the perplexed and critical posture of affairs" at the end of Washington's first term, and “the state of concerns, external as well as internal," at the time of his retirement.

PARAGRAPHS 7-8. Scope of the address. State in a brief sentence the subject of the address as here explained. Characterize Washington's attitude towards his hearers.

PARAGRAPHS 9-14. The unity of government. Arrange in clear and condensed phrases, and under headings and