under police direction-as in most cities. The regulations require the cleaning of sidewalks twice a week and sprinkling twice a day, the removal of snow, and the strewing of some such material as sand or ashes during icy weather. Upon request, however, the street-cleaning department undertakes this work— except the strewing of ashes at low rates. Berlin and some other municipalities clean the sidewalks, but leave to the landlords the removal of snow and ice, and the strewing of ashes, as above. Dresden is the only municipality which embraces, as one of the regular duties of the street-cleaning department, the cleaning of the sidewalks, including removal of snow and ice.

The sprinkling of the streets varies according to weather and season. On dry summer days the chief streets are sprinkled four or five times per day; all others-in Frankfurt a. M., for example at least twice a day. In the same city, asphalt streets are no longer sprinkled at all during the day, for the thorough cleansing which they receive renders sprinkling unnecessary.

The refuse and litter swept up by the street cleaners is loaded into handcarts-in Dresden, for example-and carried to collecting points, whence it is carted away by contractors. In Frankfurt the collection of sweepings is made immediately by wagons from the municipal stables. In case the use of handcarts, or of a small number of dump carts, should strike one as being ludicrous, one must remember that the streets are cleaned so regularly and so frequently that no great amount of material is allowed to collect, even where the amount of traffic is great.

After a snowfall emergency rules, carefully worked out, go into effect. The number of districts of the street-cleaning department is immediately increased by subdivision. The working force is enlarged by the employment of extra menfrom other city departments, as well as men seeking work. One or two of the regular sweepers are placed in charge of each of these subdistricts to direct the extra men. The Dresden department employed as many as 2,105 extra men in a single

day in 1901. Attention is first turned to the sidewalks and street crossings, then to the principal streets and the streets through which street railways run. The snow is cleared from the middle of the street and collected along the sides, whence it is loaded into wagons to be carted away. The snow thus collected is usually dumped into the river. Several cities which have swiftly flowing trunk sewers have special shafts for dumping the snow into the sewers. Transportation is thus minimized, and the work of clearing away the snow is greatly facilitated. Halle and Wiesbaden exhibited photographs of such snow shafts.

The collection of garbage is still, in many cities, given over to private contractors, who are, however, bound to observe the police regulations. In Frankfurt this activity is municipalized. Ashes and garbage are collected in covered wagons three times a week, between 10 P. M. and 7 A. M. The collection of refuse from public and semi-public buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, restaurants, etc., is not included in the municipal service. The department does, however, undertake this work, as well as removal of rubbish and refuse of all sorts, at the rate of 1.85 marks per cubic meter. Full-sized models of various types of garbage wagons were exhibited. The effort to present a dust-proof wagon has produced many curiosities. Great, cumbrous, complicated, expensive machines, some of them are. Most of them were exhibited by industrial firms; but exhibits were also made by Elberfeld, Frankfurt a. M., Kiel, and Cöln. The Frankfurt wagon' is especially worthy of mention because of the many good points which it presents. Strength, simplicity, and ease of manipulation are its chief advantages. It is adapted to have patent garbage cans used in connection with it, but can also be used for the collection of street-sweepings. The wagon box can be kipped for dumping, can be raised from the wagon bed for loading into boats, or into the receiving-room of a crematory, or can be loaded onto a special street-railway truck in order to be transported to a distant dump or crematory.

The accompanying illustrations are from a descriptive pamphlet published by the Frankfurt department of public works.

The entire mechanism is so simple that the driver alone can attend to the collecting and the dumping or reloading without help from a second person. This permits of the direct transportation of refuse from the house to the dump. The smaller municipalities still find it advantageous to use the refuse for fertilizer and for filling-in material. As Frankfurt is, however, already finding increasing difficulty in locating dumps, she is investigating the question of cremation of garbage. Hamburg possesses the only large garbage crematory on the continent. The plant, modeled upon the English crematories, was erected in 1895 at a cost of over a half-million marks. Within six years the municipality was able to cremate 1,000 kilograms of refuse 17 pfennigs (ca. 31⁄2 cents) cheaper than she had formerly paid for carting away to dumps. Garbage, ashes, street-sweepings, and other refuse are all emptied into the furnace-room and. gradually fed into the fire, which requires no other fuel. The large proportion of burnable material-paper, wood, partly consumed coals, etc.-makes it advisable to burn all the material without previous separation. The incombustible material, after being broken up and sorted, is used for building purposesfilling-in, roadbeds, foundations, etc. Wiesbaden has just built a similar crematory, though on a smaller scale; and both Dresden and Frankfurt a. M. are contemplating the advisability of doing likewise.

A further point which may be included here is the disposal of dead animals, animals killed in the pound, animals with contagious diseases, as well as of confiscated meat and fish. The bodies are cut up and reduced through steaming in kettles. The larger kettles in the Dresden establishment are for reducing animals with contagious diseases without any previous preparation. The heat destroys all disease germs. The grease floats on top and is skimmed off by suction pumps and purified; the remainder is dried and ground to a powder, to be used as a fertilizer. The München establishment is located in the woods twelve miles from the city. It contains quarters for the superintendent, with stables for the horses and cattle, separate stabling for diseased animals, and a pound for dogs and other