PENALTIES, - continued. given by statute may be taken away, 450, 468, n., 480. PENNSYLVANIA, divorces not to be granted by legislature, 133, n. revenue bills must originate in lower house, 160, n. time when acts take effect, 193. right of jury to determine the law in cases of libel, 399, n. privilege of legislators in debate, 556, n. religious tests for office in, 583, n. private property not to be taken without compensation, 703, n. PEOPLE, reservation of powers to, by national Constitution, 25. sovereignty vested in, 36, 751. formation and change of constitutions by, 38. who are the, 36-39, 752. exercise of sovereign powers by, 757. PERSONAL LIBERTY, gradually acquired by servile classes in Great Britain, 362-366. of bills of attainder, 19, 42, 317. (See BILLS OF ATTAINDER.) of ex post facto laws, 19, 42, 323. (See Ex Post Facto LAWS.) of unreasonable searches and seizures, 367. of quartering soldiers in private houses, 378. bail for accused parties, 380. unreasonable, not to be demanded, 381. trials for crimes, 381-417. (See CRIMES.) meaning of the term, 418, 493. legal restraints upon, 418-422. right to, in England, did not depend on any statute, 422. reason why it was not well protected, 423. evasions of the writ of habeas corpus, 423. the habeas corpus act, 30, 425. did not extend to American Colonies, 426. general adoption of, 426. writ of habeas corpus, 426. when national courts may issue, 427. State courts to issue generally, 428. return to, when prisoner held under national authority, 428, 429. not to be employed as a writ of error, 430. PERSONAL LIBERTY, - continued. application for, need not be made in person, 429, n. to enforce relative rights, 431. PETIT JURY, trial by, (See JURY TRIAL.) PETITION, right of, 432, 433, 541, 542. PETITION OF RIGHT, was a declaratory statute, 30, 315. quartering soldiers upon subjects forbidden by, 378. PICTURES, libels by, injury presumed from, 529. indecent, sale of, may be prohibited, 748, 749. PLURALITY, sufficient in elections, 781. POISONS, regulation of sales of, 748. POLICE POWER, exercise of, by municipal corporations, 247. pervading nature of, 713-715. definition of, 713, n. the maxim on which it rests, 715. States no power to relinquish it, 342-345. power of States to make regulations which affect contracts, 715-727. nor rights granted by charters taken away, 720, 721. grade of railways and crossings may be prescribed, 723. requirement that bell shall be rung or whistle sounded at crossings, &c., whether carriers of persons may not be made insurers, 724. regulation of, does not interfere with power of Congress over com- sale of intoxicating drinks as a beverage may be prohibited by States, 727. quarantine and health regulations by States, 729. harbor regulations by the States, 730. line of distinction between police regulations and interference with com- police regulations may be established by Congress, 732. State requirement of license fee from importers illegal, 732. State regulations to prevent immigrants becoming a public charge, 733. Sunday laws as regulations of police, 734. regulation by States of use of highways, 734. owners of urban property may be required to build sidewalks, 734. control of navigable waters by States, 735. States may improve and charge tolls, 738. when these bridges to be abated, 739. may establish ferries, 740. may authorize dams, 740. when the dams may be abated, 740. regulations of business charges, 742. other cases of police regulations, 746. destruction of property to prevent spread of fire, 747. establishment of fire limits, wharf lines, &c., 747. regulations respecting gunpowder, poisons, dogs, unwholesome provisions, &c., 748. regulations for protection of public morals, 748. market regulations, 749. prohibited act or omission may be made criminal, 750. POLICE REGULATIONS, power to establish, may be conferred on municipal corporations, 148–152. importance of, in limitation laws, 455, 456. and post-roads, Congress may establish, 11. POWDER, police regulations concerning storage of, 748. POWERS, of government, apportionment of, by State constitutions, 42-46. of State legislatures, 104-157. (See JUDICIAL POWER; LEGISLATIVE POWERS.) PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION, weight to be given to, 81-86. not to override the Constitution, 86. PRECEDENTS, importance of, 61, 62. judicial, how far binding, 61-66. law made by, 69, 70, n. only authoritative within country where decided, 63, 64. of executive department, force of, 81-86. PRECIOUS METALS, in the soil belong to sovereign authority, 651. of persons accused of crimes, 384. publication of proceedings on, not privileged, 560. powers of, 239. PRIVATE PROPERTY, right to, is before constitutions, 47, 212, n., 439, n. of municipal corporations, how far under legislative control, 289, 290. owners cannot be compelled to improve, 483, 664. protection of, against municipal action, 247. (See EMINENT DOMAIN; VESTed Rights.) PRIVATE ROADS, cannot be laid out under right of eminent domain, 661. not evidence against third parties, 118. to authorize sales by guardians, &c., are constitutional, 118-129, 488. estoppel of, by judgment, 60. PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS, when made in answer to inquiries, 533, 534. between principal and agent, 534. where parties sustain confidential relations, 534. discussing measures or principles of government, 534-538. criticising officers or candidates, 539-551. made in the course of judicial proceedings, 551-553. made by counsel, 553–556. by legislator to constituents, 569–572. by client to counsel, 413. PRIVILEGES, of citizens of the several States, 20-22, 606, 607. citizens not to be deprived of, 13, 361. protection of, rests with the States, 361, n., of legislators, 163. special, strict construction of, 488-497. regulation of, 742. PROCEEDINGS, 742. of constitutional convention may be looked to on questions of construction, of legislative bodies, publication of, 523-525, 569–572. PROFANITY, in judicial proceedings, publication of, 560. PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATIONS, PROFESSIONAL SERVICES, to influence legislation cannot be contracted for, 166, n. law requiring, without compensation, to be strictly construed, 494. PROHIBITIONS ON THE STATES, in the federal Constitution, 19-25. in forming or amending constitutions, 41, 42. PROHIBITORY LIQUOR LAWS, constitutionality of, 727. PROPERTY, qualification for suffrage, 753. |