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inquiry and conciliation, to which their governments will nominate representatives for a term of years. Thev undertake neither to make wars nor to mobilize against each other until the court or council has, within a stipulated time, issued its award or recommendation, nor for a stipulated time thereafter.

The executive of the League [representing the governments of the great Powers] shall, in case of a threatened breach of this fundamental obligation, concert effective measures, military or economic, to insure its observance. The signatory states will support this common action, subject to the several undertakings into which each of them may enter on their adherence to the League.

The executive will concert measures for mutual defense when a signatory state is attacked by any state which refuses to submit its case to the appropriate tribunal or council.

Should any state fail to accept and give effect to the recommendations of the council of conciliation or the award of the tribunal, the executive will forthwith determine what collective action, if any, is required to meet this situation.

The executive, subiect to safeguards to be agreed upon, shall determine the right of any state to be admitted to the League, and may expel, subiect to safeguards and the right of appeal, any state which has violated its constitution. The right of secession is recognized.

No treaty of alliance, past or future, shall bind any state adhering to the League to support an ally who had engaged in war without submitting his case to a court or council of the League, or has become involved in war by reason of his failure to accept or give effect to the award or recommendation of a court or council of the League.

2. NATIONALITY.

The signatory Powers will define in a declaration, to be embodied in the constitution of the League, their resolve to accord to all racial minorities in their European territories full liberty for the use of their language. the development of their culture. and the exercise of their religion.

3. REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS.

The Powers will consider measures for a general reduction of armaments on land and sea. [This might provide (a) for the limitation of the term of service in national armies, say to six months in the infantry; (b) for the suspense of all building of capital ships for a term of years until a permanent agreement could be reached as to ratios of building.]

4. THE LAW OF WAR AT SEA.

This may be remodelled on the principle that embargoes on commerce, blockades, and the capture of enemy merchant vessels are permitted only in public wars sanctioned or declared by the executive of the League. In private, unauthorized wars the strictest definition of neutral rights as maintained by the American school will be enforced.

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LEAGUE OF NATIONS

5. HUMANITY IN WARFARE.

387

The convention regulating warfare shall be revised, particularly as regards aircraft, submarines, floating mines, the use of gas, and the exception of food destined for a civilian population from the rigors of a blockade.

6. A CHARTER OF COMMERCIAL FREEDOM.

(a) The signatory Powers shall accord to each other in their home markets "most favored nation" treatment; (b) in their non-self-governing colonies they will impose tariffs (if any) for revenue purposes only; (c) they will concert measures to secure "the Open Door" to all foreign enterprise in undeveloped regions, particularly in China; (d) they will appoint as an organ of the League an international commission to insure free access for the trade of all the signatory Powers to raw materials and other natural resources.

(New Republic, X. 187-190; March 17, 1917.)

INDEX

(ALL REFERENCES ARE TO PAGES)

A

Abbott, J. F. Japanese Expansion....
Acad. of Polit. Science. Proceedings

Account of the Violation of the Neutrality of Belgium.
Adams, W. G. S. Internat. Control..

Adcock, A. S. On the Firing Line.

Addams, J. Newer Ideals...

ADE, G. "Who Led Us Into War?".

"Fable for Everybody".

Adler, F. World Crisis

Advertisement on Lusitania.

Advisory Commission on Defence.

Advocate of Peace.

Aerial Age

Aerial Coast Patrol Commission.

Aeronautics

Aggressions on United States, references.

Ideals

Militarism

German spirit

Commerce

Internal by Germans

Official by Germans.

On the seas..

Ships attacked

War zone

Lusitania

Submarines

Barred zone

Ultimatum to Germany.

Laconia

Atrocities

German responsibility

Democracy

Outbreak of war.

44

11

29

70

55

342

.169-170

198-200

40

138

3

11

11

9

11

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See also Germany; International Law; Neutrality; Sea Power;

War.

Agriculture, preparation in.

Aid to

Agriculture, Department of. Food Thrift Series.

Drying Fruits

Alexinsky, A. Russia and War.

Aid to Allies. See Allies.

Aliens, analysis

Descendants

Naturalized

Friends

Enemies

See also German-Americans; Immigration.

Air service, Aircraft Board..

Essential

Aviators

Building

See also International Law.

All deutscher Verband, Flugschriften.

Allen, G. H. Great War..

ALLEN, J. L. "Bywords of the War".

Allies, aid over seas.:

Union with

Formal alliance deprecated.

Necessity of aid..

Kindred aims

Permanent alliance

See also France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Russia.

241

248

21

63,

38

311

311

311

311

311

2

288

288, 289

.29, 290, 391

49

18

320-323

299

302, 304

302

303

305

323

[blocks in formation]

Am. Library Annual.

Am. League to Limit Armaments. Opposition to Decrease of Army
and Navy

Am. Nat. Committee for Democratic Govt. of Russia.

13

1

7

[blocks in formation]

Am. Soc. for Judicial Settlement of Int. Disputes. Publications.

13

[blocks in formation]

Anderson, B. M., Jr. Farmers and Speculators..

Andler, C. Pan-Germanism

Pangermanisme Philosophique

64

49

49

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