"Indeed, the trapper was left to renew the dialogue himself; which he soon did by asking a question in the indirect manner so much in use by the border inhabitants. You found it no easy matter to ford the water-courses, and make your way so deep into the prairies, friend, with teams of horses and herds of horned beasts?""" Cooper.

Indirect interrogatives are of three kinds.

1. The first does not differ, except in structure, as noticed in note 1, above, and in the peculiarity noticed in note 2, from definite interrogatives.

Examples of the first kind.

You will go to the city of New York next week! You will convey my message ? They never were heard of afterward ? He refused obedience !

2. The second kind is distinguished by being used exclusively in supplication.

Examples of the second kind.

Lady,

Dear Queen that ended when I but began,
Give me that hand of yours to kiss !

The last line, which is all I quote as an example of simple indirect, is evidently equivalent to "Will you give me that hand of yours to kiss?" (See Indirect Interrogatives, Ch. VI.) 3. The third kind occurs where a proposition is expressed with such confidence in its truth, as precludes contradiction, and commands assent.

Examples of the third kind.

Surely, sir, I have seen you before? Truly, this was the Son of God?

Out jumps the gardener in a fright,
And runs away with all his might;
And as he runs, impressed with dread,
Exclaims, "Sure Satan's in the shed "

The exclamation here, which is all that I quote as example, together with the sentences which precede, are manifestly equivalent to questions: differing only from other questions in the direct form, in that they take the answer for granted. As the examples show, this question may be put to another or to one's self. The third kind always, or almost always, includes some word like sure, surely, truly, certainly, &c., by which it may be distinguished.

CLASS III.

SIMPLE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES.

(See Definition of simple sentence, and also of an exclamatory.)

Simple exclamatory sentences are declarative, interrogative, compellative and spontaneous.

* We make use of speech only to communicate our thoughts to others; and consequently our language is always addressed to some one. That those to whom we speak, may know that we are addressing them, we call upon them, either by name, or some equivalent expression, proper to fix their attention. Thus: I say, "Victor, you are not attentive;""Lord! am thy creature:" "Sir, are you my friend?" These words, "Victor," "Lord," "Sir," make no part of the proposition. I shall call this part of speech a Compellative, from a Latin word which signifies "to address, to accost." (DE SACY. Principles of General Grammar.)

1. DECLARATIVE. These are so called, because they are declarative sentences employed as exclamations. In other words, they are declarative sentences which, besides expressing a thought, express it with emotion.

Examples.

He died a madman! It is impossible! May that time never come! Happy are they! May the will of the Lord be done! Not for the world would I peril my soul by such a deed! God grant to those few friends courage to declare themselves in opposition to your formidable enemies! Thus was felt his despotism over the heart!

The declarative exclamatory sentence is not always entire: it is often a mere fragment, the complement of which must be supplied, perhaps inferred, from the context: e.g.

Impossible! Beautiful! Happy day! What is life A shadow! Did you, sir, throw up a black crow? Not I! Cruel fortune! Delusive hopes! Piercing thought! This to me!

The complete sentence in each of these cases is as follows: It is impossible! This is a happy day! That is beautiful! Life is a shadow! I did not throw up a black crow! This is a cruel fortune! These are delusive hopes! It is a piercing thought! This is said to me! Whenever a fragmentary sentence occurs, the student should supply the portion of the sentence suppressed. This observation, which is an important one, is made once for all.

2. INTERROGATIVE; which are so called, because they assume interrogative forms. They are definite, indefinite and indirect.

1. THE DEFINITE.
Examples.

Do you envy my good fortune! Are you mad! Is it indeed so! Hath it not burst upon thee! Seest thou that old man there! Art thou my father! Is this to me! Could he possibly, at his years, be guilty of an outrage like that! Darest thou thus provoke me!

These, like the declarative, appear very often in fragments.

Are his talents adequate to the occasion? Adequate !-Will he succeed? Succeed!-Will you go there? I go there! Never.He is a thief. A thief! I cannot believe it.

NOTE. It is not easy to distinguish this sentence, when fragmentary, from the fragmentary declarative on the one hand, and the fragmentary compact, hereafter to be noticed, on the other. When it is a mere echo, as in three of the examples above, there is little difficulty; but this is not always the case. In a given passage, the only criterion is the sense.

2. THE INDEFINITE.

Examples.

Why do I suffer so many sorrows! How can I endure them! When will they cease pressing me to the dust! What could I have done to provoke thus the thunderbolts of heaven against my

defenceless head! With what feelings must an intelligent heathen approach his final catastrophe! How hard would it seem for your neighbors to neglect your misery! How pale! How silent! How vain! How and what often appear alone at the beginning of sentences as exclamations: e. g.

What! shall we be told that the exasperated feelings of a people were excited ?

How! will you suffer your glory to be sullied?

In these and similar instances, they are used to call for a repetition of a previous remark not understood; or too shocking, wonderful or absurd to be received in the sense understood: they are employed not unlike the second interrogative who, in the following passage:

Who are thine accusers!

Who?

The living! they who never felt thy power,

And know thee not!

NOTE. The expletive why, already noticed, (see Simple Indefinite Interrogative,) when it does not represent an indefinite question, is employed, though with less deliberation, in the same way. This supposition will account for the difference observable in its delivery: it having sometimes the delivery of a regular indefinite interrogative, and at others, that of how and what, as above.

3. THE INDIRECT.

1. Examples of the first kind.

You would not screen a traitor from the law!

Thou wouldst not have me make a trial of my skill upon my child! Impossible.

2. Examples of the second kind.

Let me not perish in this horrid manner! Grant me this favor for once!

Examples of this second kind of indirect interrogative exclamation, are somewhat rare; though they occur more frequently than is generally supposed: especially in the drama, and in prose of a colloquial description. In conversation they frequently occur.

3. Examples of the third kind.

You are surely mistaken in that supposition! She will certainly get lost in this wilderness of streets! You surely will not deprive me of my only pleasure in life!

3. COMPELLATIVE.

address.

These are single names, used in the direct

Examples.

Mary! Jesus! Master! My lord! Mr. President! Mr. Chairman! Sir! Gentlemen! Soldiers! Fellow-Citizens! Ye winds!

Ye waves! Ye Waters! Hypocrites! Ye blind leaders of the blind! &c. &c.

4. SPONTANEOUS: being so called, because they are, for the most part, uttered without deliberation.

They may be divided, with sufficient accuracy, into abbreviations of simple sentences, (including a few formed from sounds which they imitate,) and equivalents of simple sentences: the former having an invariable, and the latter a variable delivery.

1. Examples of the Abbreviations.

Hold! Ho! Shame! Hail! Look! Lo! Hush! Hist! Farewell! Fie! Pshaw! Pish! Pugh! Foh! Hey-day! Heigh-ho! Mum! Avaunt! Avast! Away! Whoh! Hurra! Halloo! Tush! Tut! Fudge! Bah! Heavens! My stars! &c. &c.

NOTE. The abbreviated character of many of these exclamations, is too obvious to need illustration: the others, having lost their original meaning, in consequence of being dropped from the language, except as mere symbols of certain emotions which they serve to express may need explanation. For this the reader is referred to the "Diversions of Purley," and Richardson's Dictionary. Be it sufficient to say here, that pshaw and pish, which are different forms of the same word, are abbreviations of the simple sentence, "It is pish," i. e. trumpery, trick; fie, foh faugh, fough, (also different forms of the same word,) of the simple sentence, "It is fough !". e. hateful; and so with the remaining words.

2. Examples of Equivalents.

O! Oh! Ah! Eh! Ha! Hah! Aha! Alas! Alack!

This enumeration comprises, I believe, all that occur.

SEC. II. COMPOUND SENTENCES.

(See Definition of a compound sentence.)

Compound sentences are either close, compact or loose.

I. The close sentence contains a single absolute proposition, having two or more subjects or verbs, connected by conjunctions, adverbs or relative pronouns, expressed or understood." (See examples of the close below.)

NOTE 1. This sentence may have a series of similar members at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. (See examples of the close below.)

NOTE 2. The name of this sentence is derived from its nature: its members being so closely connected, that they cannot be separated without injury to the sense: in other words, it makes imperfect sense until the end is reached.

PUNCTUATION. A close sentence excludes, except in cases of allowable deviation, (see exception 3, below,) every pause longer than the comma. The following rule will be found, I believe, to be at once comprehensive and exact: a comma should or may be inserted before all the copulatives expressed or understood; or what is the same thing in other words, between all the simple sentences of which the compound close is composed.

The exceptions to this rule,* which is too simple to need illustration, are these:

1. The cases specified in Chap. II, Punct. Comma: Cases of Omission.

2. When two or more nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs, unattended by other words, have the copulative expressed between them, the comma is omitted: e. g.

Intelligence and beauty and modesty are the principal charms of woman. Virtue and vice form a strong contrast to each other. The study of natural history expands and elevates the mind. It was dexterously and quickly and neatly done. True worth is modest and retired. Some men sin deliberately and presumptuously.

The husband, wife and children suffered extremely. In a letter, we may advise, exhort, comfort, request and discuss. Success generally depends on acting prudently, steadily and vigorously, in what we undertake.

There is a natural difference between merit and demerit, virtue and vice, wisdom and folly. Truth is fair and artless, simple and sincere, uniform and consistent. Whether we eat or drink, labor

or sleep, we should be moderate.

It will be observed, that as soon as the copulative is suppressed, as in the second paragraph of examples, the comma appears.

When the last copulative is expressed, as in the same paragraph, practice, as regards the omission of the comma, is not uniform. Some insert it notwithstanding the presence of the copulative; but, in the opinion of the author, incorrectly.

The exception now under consideration, extends no farther than the particular case specified: when the nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs, are attended by other words, preceding or following, the comma is inserted before the copulative; or, though unattended as before, if the copulative be suppressed, the comma is inserted in its place.

3. An exception to the insertion of the comma, occurs, when it is superseded, under the necessity of deviating from proper punctuation, by the semicolon. (See Punctuation, Chap. III, Deviations I; also Plate, figure 9, b.)

II. The COMPACT sentence is distinguished from every other by consisting of parts, beginning with correlative words expressed or understood.

The term compact is applied to this sentence, because the parts are, as it were, bound together, compacted by the correlative words at the beginning of the parts. The name was first used by Walker. (See Elocution.)

Correlative words are words which mutually relate to each other; as in the examples which follow.

The principal of these correlatives, or those which most frequently occur, are the following: such as; so- that; ifthen; if yet; though then; now, then

as; so

yet; unless

there; either

or; whether or; though, al

* Not to the rule strictly speaking, but rather to the application of the rule by printers.