against the government. The usual interest on the public debt is six per cent, the same as on balances due from postmasters and other public debtors, though sometimes higher, and on one class of bonds only five per cent.

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.

The following persons have been Secretaries of the Treasury:

Alexander Hamilton, of New-York, appointed 11th September, 1789, by President Washington. Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, appointed 3d February, 1795, by President Washington.

Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, appointed 31st December, 1800, by President John Adams.

Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, appointed 14th May, 1801, by President Jefferson.

George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, appointed 9th February, 1814, by President Madison.

Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, appointed 6th October, 1814, by President Madison.

William H. Crawford, of Georgia, appointed 22d October, 1816, by President Madison.

Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, appointed 7th March, 1825, by President J. Q. Adams.

Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, appointed 6th March, 1829, by President Jackson.

Louis McLane, of Delaware, appointed 8th August, 1831, by President Jackson.

William J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, appointed 29th May, 1833, by President Jackson. Removed. Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, appointed 23d September, 1833, by President Jackson.

Levi Woodbury, of New-Hampshire, appointed June 27th, 1834, by President Jackson.

Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, appointed March 5th, 1841, by President Harrison.

Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, appointed 13th September, 1841, by President Tyler.

John C. Spencer, of New-York, appointed 3d March, 1843, by President Tyler.

George M. Bibb, of Kentucky, appointed 15th June, 1844, by President Tyler.

Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, appointed 5th March, 1845, by President Polk.

William M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, appointed 7th March, 1849, by President Taylor.

Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, appointed July 20th, 1850, by President Fillmore.

James Guthrie, of Kentucky, appointed March 7th, 1853, by President Pierce.

Howell Cobb, of Georgia, appointed 5th March, 1857, by President Buchanan.

Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland, appointed 12th December, 1860, by President Buchanan.

John A. Dix, of New-York, appointed January 11th, 1861, by President Buchanan.

Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, appointed 5th March, 1861, by President Lincoln.

William P. Fessenden, of Maine, appointed July Ist, 1864, by President Lincoln.

Hugh McCulloch, of Indiana, appointed March 7th, 1865, by President Johnson.

Alexander T. Stewart, of New-York, appointed March 5th, 1869, by President Grant, and resigned without entering upon the duties of the office. George S. Boutwell, of Massachusetts, appointed March, 1869, by President Grant.

THE FIRST ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.

The office of Assistant Secretary of the Treasury was created when the department was established in 1789, abolished in 1792, and restored in 1849.

His duties are thus defined in the latter act: He "shall examine all letters, contracts, and warrants prepared for the Secretary of the Treasury, and who shall perform all other such duties in the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, now performed by some of his clerks, as may be devolved on him by the Secretary of the Treasury."

When the office of Secretary of the Treasury is vacant, by removal or otherwise, the assistant has the charge and custody of the books and papers appertaining to the office.

By special appointment of the secretary, he signs all warrants for the payment of money into the treasury, and all warrants for the disbursement of money certified by the accounting officers to be due

on settled accounts. His salary is thirty-five hundred dollars.

THE ADDITIONAL ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE

TREASURY.

In 1864, Congress authorized the appointment by the President of an additional Secretary of the Treasury. He is required to perform all such duties in the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, belonging to that department, as shall be prescribed by the secretary, or as may be prescribed by law. In the published regulations of the department no duties. are prescribed for this officer. His salary is three thousand dollars.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

BUREAUS IN THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

THE business of the Treasury Department is principally done by bureaus under its direction. This subdivision tends to dispatch and accuracy, each having a responsible and competent head devoted to one particular branch.

The following are bureaus in the Treasury Depart

ment :

First Comptroller, Second Comptroller; First Auditor, Second Auditor, Third Auditor, Fourth Auditor, Fifth Auditor, Sixth Auditor; Treasurer; Commissioner of Customs; Comptroller of the Currency; Commissioner of Internal Revenue; Office of Statistics; and Register of the Treasury.

They are all located in the Treasury buildings, except the Sixth Auditor, whose office is in the Post-Office Department.

2. THE COMPTROLLERS GENERALLY.

In collecting and disbursing the revenues of the government, an immense number of persons are necessarily employed, each having accounts, usually one every quarter, to be adjusted and settled. These relate to a great variety of subjects requiring minute