312. a. 39. Vicentio of Pisa, a character in The Taming of the Shrew. He is described as

'A merchant of great traffic through the world.'

i, 1, 12. b. 3. Paris and the Golden Apple, the wellknown story of the award of the prize of beauty to Venus. The judgment of Paris is the subject of two paintings by Rubens, one at Dresden and the other in the National Gallery, London.

313. a. 53. Podagra, the medical name for gout in the foot.

b. 5. Atalanta, in Grecian mythology a maiden swift of foot who ridded herself of troublesome suitors by challenging them to a foot-race.

THE GREAT STONE FACE

325. b. 19. The Great Stone Face. Hawthorne had in mind the well-known Profile or Old Man of the Mountain' in the Franconia Notch of the White Mountains of New Hampshire.

26. Valley, the valley of the Pemigewasset from Plymouth, N. H., to the Franconia Notch. 326. a. 36. Cottage-door. This is an imaginary touch. The one point where the stone face may be viewed is on the north shore of Profile Lake at a focal spot only a few rods wide.

'Few volumes I know to read under a tree

More truly delightful than his A l'Abri.' The book was reissued in London in 1840, with the title Letters from Under a Bridge, and to it was affixed the following preface:

'The Letters which form the first part of the present volume were written in the Valley of the Susquehannah, from a beautiful glen, some eighty miles above Wyoming. The author, after many years' travel in Europe and the East, has there "pitched his tent." The letters were addressed to Dr. T. Olcutt Porter, one of the writer's most accomplished and valued friends, resident in New York. But as they embody a newly-drawn picture of the scenery and mode of life on the banks of the beautiful river made classic by the muse of Campbell, it has been thought worth while to publish them in England.'

b. 24. Still harping on my daughter, Hamlet ii, 2, 189. 340. a. 26. Owaga. 'Corrupted now to Owego. Ochwaga was the Indian word, and means swift water.'-Author's Note.

49. Shakespeare's lines,-T. Andronicus ii, 3, 153. b. 39. As Cæsar says,--Julius Cæsar ii, 1, 320. 341. a. 19. He had not dined,-Coriolanus v, 1,

343. This novel was published in New York in 1835, the same year as The Yemassee. Chapters XLIII and XLIV tell of the Battle of Camden, or, as some historians term it, the Battle of Sanders' Creek, August 16, 1780, and the results which followed.

a. 11. Gates, Horatio Gates, who had led the northern army at the time of the surrender of Burgoyne. In June, 1780, he had been placed in command of the army of the South. Simms represents him as being weak and conceited.

12. Cornwallis, in April, 1778, appointed second in command to Sir Henry Clinton, Commander-inChief in America. Cornwallis had been put in charge of the forces that were to subjugate the southern states.

344. a. 6. Seen foreign service together. Previous to 1776 when he first came to America, Cornwallis had been for 20 years in the army and had served

with distinction on the Continent. Gates was an English soldier before the Revolution. He had been a captain under Braddock.

b. 57. Colonel Tarleton, the officer under Cornwallis who was most hated in the South of all the English. He surrendered with Cornwallis at York

town.

345. a. 51. DeKalb. In the words of Simms, 'A German by birth, he was in the service of the King of France, and was already a brigadier when transferred to America in the revolutionary struggle. Congress honored him with the commission of a major-general, and he did honor to the trust.' 351. b. 43. Camden, a town in South Carolina, thirty-two miles northeast of Columbia.

A PSALM OF LIFE

356. Longfellow first made this poem public in 1838 during a lecture on Goethe, doubtless to illustrate the spirit of Wilhelm Meister. It was a challenge to his own dreaming, brooding, night-loving soul,-ȧ call to the world of reality and action. One may paraphrase it thus: Life's no time for dreams; the soul that simply slumbers and dreams is not living at all. The world, it is true, seems to me to be a mere shadow or dream, even as it did to Goethe's Werther, but it is not-('things are not what they seem') life is real. Art is long; life is short-act; look the moment in the face. It is not for me to muse idly on the future, building castles, nor to be the slave of the past. It is for me to be up and doing to-day.

FOOTSTEPS OF ANGELS

356. 13. He, the young and strong, his brother-inlaw and dearest friend, George W. Pierce, the news of whose unexpected death came to Longfellow dur ing his winter at Heidelberg.

21. The Being Beauteous, his young wife who had died at Rotterdam.

I

THE WRECK OF THE HESPERUS 357. Under date of December 17, 1839, Longfellow wrote in his journal, News of shipwrecks horrible on the coast. Twenty bodies washed ashore near Gloucester, one lashed to a piece of the wreck. There is a reef called Norman's Woe where many of these took place; among others the schooner Hesperus. Also the Sea-Flower on Black Rock. must write a ballad upon this.' Again on the 30th: 'I wrote last evening a notice of Allston's poems. After which I sat till twelve o'clock by my fire, smoking, when suddenly it came into my mind to write the Ballad of the Schooner Hesperus; which I accordingly did. Then I went to bed, but could not sleep. New thoughts were running in my mind, and I got up to add them to the ballad.

It was

three by the clock. I then went to bed and fell asleep. I feel pleased with the ballad. It hardly cost me an effort. It did not come into my mind by lines but by stanzas.'

SERENADE

359. From Act I, Scene 3 of The Spanish Student.

[Sitteth the city wherein I was born upon the seashore.-Dante.]

On the following day he recorded: 'Wrote the poem; and am rather pleased with it, and with the bringing in of the two lines of the old Lapland song, A boy's will is the wind's will,

And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts." 364. 37. The sea-fight, the fight between the American brig Enterprise and the British brig Boxer during the war of 1812. The American ship was successful, though she lost her captain, and brought her prize into Portland. The English captain also fell.

HIAWATHA

364. In his introduction to the poem Longfellow wrote: 'This Indian Edda-if I may so call itis founded on a tradition prevalent among the North American Indians, of a personage of miraculous birth, who was sent among them to clear their rivers, forests, and fishing-grounds, and to teach them the arts of peace. He was known among different tribes by the several names of Michabou, Chiabo, Manabozo, Tarenyawagon, and Hiawatha. Mr. Schoolcraft gives an account of him in his Algic Researches, Vol. I, p. 134; and in his History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the

United States, Part III, p. 314, may be found the Iroquois form of the tradition, derived from the verbal narrations of an Onondaga chief.

'Into this old tradition I have woven other curious Indian legends, drawn chiefly from the various and valuable writings of Mr. Schoolcraft, to whom the literary world is greatly indebted for his indefatigable zeal in rescuing from oblivion so much of the legendary lore of the Indians.

'The scene of the poem is among the Ojibways on the southern shore of Lake Superior, in the region between the Pictured Rocks and the Grand Sable.'

365. 41. The Vale of Tawasentha. This valley, now called Norman's Kill, is in Albany County, New York.'-Author's note.

COURTSHIP OF MILES STANDISH

375. December 2, 1857, Longfellow wrote in his journal: Soft as spring. I begin a new poem, Priscilla; to be a kind of Puritan pastoral; the subject, the courtship of Miles Standish.' Again on the 3d: 'My poem is in hexameters, an idyl of the Old Colony times. What it will turn out I do not know; but it gives me pleasure to write it.' On the following 22d of March he records that the poem is finished.

In a remote way the poem was to Longfellow a record of family history. His mother's family traced their descent through the Wadsworths and the Bartletts to no less than four of the Mayflower pilgrims, including Elder Brewster and Captain John Alden.

PAUL REVERE'S RIDE

378. This was the opening poem of the volume Tales of a Wayside Inn, 1863. It is represented as having been told by the landlord of the Inn,-the old Red Horse Tavern in Sudbury, Mass.

2. Paul Revere, born at Boston, 1735, died 1818. He was a silversmith and engraver and was active on the side of the patriots.

9. The old North Church. There was no doubt in Longfellow's mind, whatever may be the doubts in the minds of later antiquaries, as to the church from which the signal was hung. In his journal for April 3, 1860, he records, Go with Sumner to Mr. H, of the North End, who acts as guide to the "Little Britain of Boston. We go to the Copp's Hill burial ground and see the tomb ot Cotton Mather, his father and his son; then to the oid North Church, which looks like a parish church in London. We climb the tower to the chime of bells, now the home of innumerable pigeons. From this tower were hung the lanterns as a signal that the British troops had left Boston for Concord.'

DIVINA COMMEDIA

379. Mrs. Longfellow died July 10, 1861, accidentally burned to death. The poet, as his biographer records, felt the need of some continuous and tranquil occupation for his thoughts,' and accordingly turned again to the translations. 'For a time he translated a canto each day.' The translation

in its final form was not ready for publication until 1866. One sonnet of the series of six was used as preface to each of the larger divisions of the poem.

THE MORAL WARFARE

381. This poem marks the opening of the second period in Whittier's poetic life, the period in which purely poetic themes gave place to fiery anti-slavery propaganda. To him the abolitionist movement was America's second war for independence.

1. On her natal day, an allusion, of course, to July 4, 1776.

PROEM

382. This poem was the Proem, or poetical introduction, to Voices of Freedom, 1848.

33. Marvell, a contemporary of Milton, prized in early New England because of his satires upon the Cavaliers. He was Milton's assistant in the Latin Secretaryship.

ICHABOD

384. To quote Whittier's own words: 'This poem was the outcome of the surprise and grief and forecast of evil consequences which I felt on reading the seventh of March speech of Daniel Webster in support of the "compromise" and the Fugitive Slave Law. No partisan or personal enmity dictated it. On the contrary, my admiration of the splendid personality and intellectual power of the great Senator was never stronger than when I laid down his speech, and, in one of the saddest moments of my life, penned my protest. I saw as I wrote, with painful clearness, its sure results. . . ..' It should be remembered that Webster and Whittier were relatives by blood. In later years Whittier wrote The Lost Occasion, a poem it is well to read in connection with Ichabod.

THE KANSAS EMIGRANTS

384. This is an echo of the great Kansas-Nebraska fight of the mid-fifties. After the repeal of the Missouri Compromise the North determined to colonize Kansas with men who would vote for it as a free state. The poem is said to have been written by Whittier for the first company of emigrants to Kansas, to be sung by them as they journeyed to their new home.

MAUD MULLER

385. 95. Chimney lug. Whittier himself has explained that The term "chimney lug," which occurs in this poem refers to the old custom in New England of hanging a pole with hooks attached to it down the chimney, to hang pots and kettles on. It is called a "lug-pole."'

SKIPPER IRESON'S RIDE

387. The story had been told to Whittier when he was at Haverhill Academy by a schoolmate who came from Marblehead. In a letter to Lowell accompanying the poem Whittier wrote, The refrain

is the actual song of the women on this march." Lowell, in his reply, wrote, "I know the story well. I am familiar with Marblehead and its dialect, and as the burthen is intentionally provincial I have taken the liberty to print it in such a way as shall give the peculiar accent, thus:

""Cap'n Ireson for his horrd horrt

Was torred and feathered and corried in a corrt." That's the way I've always horrd it "-only it began, "Old Flud Ireson." What a good name Ireson (son of wrath) is for a hero of such a history!'

3. Apuleius, born about 125 A. D., a Roman philosopher, author of a famous romance, Metamorphoses, or, The Golden Ass.

4. Horse of brass. Whittier's memory was undoubtedly at fault when he wrote this line. He had in mind the story in the Arabian Nights, but There are three Calendars, and it was not the one with the horse of brass who had his eye switched out by his horse's tail. The one with the black horse was he whom Whittier had in mind.'

6. Al-Borák, 'A legendary animal, white in color, in size between a mule and an ass, with two wings, and of great swiftness, on which Mohammed is said to have made a nocturnal journey to the seventh heaven, conducted by the angel Gabriel.'

35. Chaleur Bay, a part of the Gulf of St. Law. rence, between Quebec and New Brunswick.

TELLING THE BEES

388. It was an old New England custom to tell the bees when a death had occurred in the family. If this were not done it was believed that they would desert the place at once.

MOUNTAIN PICTURES

389. The Franconia range is a part of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It is in the Franconia Notch, in Profile Lake just below The Great Stone Face, that the Pemigewasset River, one of the two branches of the Merrimac, has its source. Monadnock is an isolated peak in the southwestern part of New Hampshire. Wauchusett is farther south in Massachusetts.

Whittier wrote some of his most peaceful studies of nature and of home life in the midst of the storm of the Civil War. In his poem, 'The Countess,' 1863, he gave the reason:

To-day when truth and falsehood speak their words
Through hot-lipped cannon and the teeth of swords,
Listening with quickened heart and ear intent
To each sharp clause of that stern argument,
I still can hear at times a softer note
Of the old pastoral music round me float,
While through the hot gleam of our civil strife
Looms the green mirage of a simpler life.
As, at his alien post, the sentinel

Drops the old bucket in the homestead well,
And hears old voices in the winds that toss
Above his head the live-oak's beard of moss,
So, in our trial-time, and under skies
Shadowed by swords, like Islam's paradise,

I wait and watch, and let my fancy stray To milder scenes and youth's Arcadian day.

LAUS DEO

391. Whittier wrote this poem in the Friends' Meeting-house, in Amesbury, as the bells and cannon were proclaiming the passage of the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. He wrote to Lucy Larcom that it wrote itself, or rather sang itself, while the bells rang.' The resolution abolishing slavery was passed by Congress, January 31, 1865. Its ratification by the requisite number of states was announced December 18, 1865.

SNOW-BOUND

392. This first appeared as a volume in 1866. The recent death of the poet's mother and sister had thrown over his recollections of the old home at Haverhill a golden light which the poem reflects. The owners of the copyright permit only a part of the poem to be published here.

183. Brother, Matthew Franklin Whittier, five years younger than the poet.

OLD IRONSIDES

396. The frigate Constitution, historic indeed, but old and unseaworthy, then lying in the navy yard at Charlestown, was condemned by the Navy Department to be destroyed. Holmes read this in a newspaper paragraph, and it stirred him. On a scrap of paper, with a lead pencil, he rapidly shaped the impetuous stanzas of Old Ironsides, and sent them to the Daily Advertiser, of Boston. Fast and far they traveled through the newspaper press of the country; they were even printed in hand-bills and circulated about the streets of Washington. An occurrence, which otherwise would probably have passed unnoticed, now stirred a general indignation. The astonished Secretary made haste to retrace a step which he had taken quite innocently in the way of business. The Constitution's tattered ensign was not torn down.'-Morse's Life of Holmes, 1:79.

THE LAST LEAF

397. Holmes had in mind Major Thomas Melville, the last of the cocked hats,' who often was to be seen on the streets of Boston early in the thirties.

THE AUTOCrat of the BREAKFAST TABLE 398. a. 16. When I was interrupted. 'The interrution referred to in the first sentence of the first of these papers was just a quarter of a century in duration. Two articles entitled "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" will be found in The New England Magazine, formerly published in Boston by J. T. and E. Buckingham. The date of the first of these articles in November, 1831, and that of the second February, 1832. When The Atlantic Monthly was begun, twenty-five years afterwards, and the author was asked to write for it, the recollection of these crude products of his uncombed literary boyhood suggested the thought that it would

be a curious experiment to shake the same bough again, and see if the ripe fruit were better or worse than the early windfalls.'-The Autocrat's Autobiography.

40. Dr. Thomas Reid (1710-1796), principal founder of the Scotch school of philosophy.

48. Body of scientific young men, etc., the Société d'Observation Médicale of Paris, of which M. Louis was president, and MM. Barth, Grisotte, and our own Dr. Bowditch were members. They agreed in admiring their justly honored president, and thought highly of some of their associates, who have since made good their promise of distinction.

'About the time these papers were published, the Saturday Club was founded, or, rather, found itself in existence, without any organization, almost without parentage. It was natural enough that such men as Emerson, Longfellow, Agassiz, Pierce, with Hawthorne, Motley, Sumner, when within reach, and others who would be good enough for them, should meet and dine together once in a while, as they did, in point of fact, every month, and as some who are still living, with other and newer members, still meet and dine. If some of them had not admired each other they would have been exceptions in the world of letters and science. The club deserves being remembered for having no constitution or bylaws, for making no speeches, reading no papers, observing no ceremonies, coming and going at will without remark, and acting out, though it did not proclaim, the motto, "Shall I take mine ease in mine inn?' There was and is nothing of the Bohemian element about this club, but it has had many good times, and not a little good talking.'Holmes's note.

399. a. 8. Shakespeare and Jonson, etc. The group that was wont to gather in the Mermaid Inn. Strictly it was not a society at all, but frequent gatherings of congenial souls.

10. Addison and Steele, etc. For a long time Addison was a kind of literary dictator gathering about him in the coffee-house of his choice a group of kindred spirits.

12. Johnson and Goldsmith, etc. This was the famous Literary Club of which so much is said in Boswell's Life of Johnson.

17. Irvings and Paulding, etc. The two Irving brothers, Washington and William, together with James K. Paulding, issued in 1807-08 the hilarious magazine Salmagundi. In 1827-30, three other congenial young New Yorkers, Guilian C. Verplanck, Robert C. Sands, and Bryant, edited an annual called The Talisman.

agreeable incident of two consecutive visits to Hartford, Conn., that I met there the late Mrs. Sigourney. The second meeting recalled the first, and with it the allusion to the Huma, which bird is the subject of a short poem by another New England authoress, which may be found in Mr. Griswold's collection.'Author's note.

b. 15. Babbage's calculating machine. Charles Babbage, born 1792, English mathematician, spent many years and much money perfecting a calculating machine which is the parent of many modern devices.

19. Frankenstein monster, an allusion to Mrs. Shelley's romance Frankenstein. The medical student Frankenstein is represented as having discovered the secret of life and as having succeeded in animating a creature built up out of scraps of the dissecting room,-a monster that fills the rest of his life with terror.

401. a. 30. Phryne, a beautiful Athenian maiden, who, tried on a capital charge, was defended by her lover. When his eloquence could not move the judges, he bade her uncover her bosom and thus secured her acquittal.

32. Non omnis moriar, I shall not wholly die. Horace, Odes III, 30, line 6.

33. I have taken all knowledge, said by Lord Bacon.

b. 11. Verbicide, word-slaughter. 17. Prima facie, at first view.

58. Deodand, a thing given to God. In ancient English law, any chattel, like a cart for instance, that had accidentally killed a man, was forfeited to the king to be applied to pious uses.

402. a. 24. Banquet of Saturn. In the Greek mythology Saturn is represented as having been given his father's kingdom on condition that he should bring up no male children. As a result of this agreement he always devoured his sons as soon as they were born.

...

29. Lords Temporal, the secular nobility as opposed to the church officials, bishops, etc. Cadmus, an allusion to two 53. New dragon. Greek legends,-the sowing of the dragon's teeth by Jason and the reaping of an army of men there. from, and the invention of letters by Cadmus of Thebes.

b. 13. Ponsasinorum, bridge of asses, a name sometimes given to the fifth proposition of the book of Euclid, if a triangle has two of its sides equal, the angles opposite to these sides are also equal. This proposition affords a difficulty to the learner, because it is the first one involving any mathe matical puzzle.'

18. Napoleon never lived, referring to the Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bonaparte by Richard Whatley.

403. b. 7. Tupper, and Sylvanus Cobb, junior. Martin Farquhar Tupper, author of Proverbial Philoso phy, was somewhat of a joke in staid literary cir cles. Sylvanus Cobb, Jr. (1823-1887), wrote wild and sentimental romances for Bonner's New York