little spaces that occurred between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences, chiefly such as inculcated industry and frugality as a means of procuring wealth, and thereby securing virtue; it being more difficult for a man in want to act always honestly, as, to use here one of those proverbs, it is hard for an empty sack to stand upright.

'These proverbs, which contained the wisdom of many ages and nations, I assembled and formed into a connected discourse prefixed to the Almanac of 1757 [more accurately, 1758] as the harangue of a wise old man to the people attending an auction. The bringing all these scattered counsels thus into a focus enabled them to make greater impression. The piece, being universally approved, was copied in all the newspapers of the continent; reprinted in Britain on a broad side to be stuck up in houses; two translations were made of it in French, and great numbers were bought by the clergy and gentry, to distribute gratis among their poor parishioners and tenants. In Pennsylvania, as it discouraged useless expense in foreign superfluities, some thought it had its share of influence in producing that growing plenty of money which was observable for several years after its publication. The Autobiography.

127. a. 14. Vendue auction.

129. a. 38. Felix quem, etc., Happy the man whom the calamities of others make wise.

AN ADDITION TO THE BOOK OF GENESIS

131. It is reported by Weems, the early biographer of Franklin, that in 1763 'just before he left ondon, Doctor Franklin was complimented by his friend Collinson with a large party at his house, chiefly of literary gentlemen. ' The conversation turning at length upon religious and theological subjects, a noted doctor of divinity defended persecution as a means of stamping out heresy. Franklin called out to him with an air of great surprise, "Why my dear sir, I am astonished that you plead thus for persecution, when it is so diametrically opposite to your bible."

"The bible!" echoed the clergyman, "there are in the gospel, sir, some passages in your favor." "Some passages, reverend sir! what is the whole gospel but love, the kindest love to our fellowmen and therefore no persecution? But is not the old testament against you as well as the new: What think you of that remarkable chapter in the book of Genesis?" The clergyman replied that he did not know what chapter in Genesis Doctor Franklin meant. He thought, he said, he knew something of the bible, but he did not recollect any chapter in Genesis, in point. "No sir!" answered Franklin still with the look and voice of surprise, not that memorable chapter concerning Abraham and the poor man! Pray, Mr. Collinson, favor us with your bible a minute or two." "With all my heart," replied the clergyman, "I should like to see that memorable chapter." The company, who had been very attentive all the while, now manifested a double solicitude for the issue of the pending controversy the family bible was brought and laid on the table by the side of Doctor Franklin, "Well, reverend sir," said he

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS 132. Washington in the preparation of his address was aided by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. Madison had helped prepare an address that was to have been delivered in 1792 at the close of the first administration, but it was laid aside. Four years later Washington wrote a first draught of a farewell address and submitted it to Hamilton, who completely rewrote it. Washington revised the copy and recopied it and then submitted it to Hamilton and Jay for further revision. It is impossible,' says Duyckinck, to determine accurately the respective shares of Hamilton and Washington in the language. The idea of the whole was projected by Washington, and so far as can be learned, the parts were mostly contrived and put into shape by him. The deliberation and intelligent counsel bestowed upon the work, proved by the Madison, Hamilton, and Jay letters on the subject, so far from detracting from Washington's own labors, add further value to them. He had a public duty to perform, and he took pains to discharge it in the most effective manner. The pride of literary authorship sinks before such considerations. Yet the temper of this paper is preeminently Washingtonian. It is unlike any composition of Madison or Hamilton, in a certain considerate moral tone which distinguishes all Washington's writings. It is stamped by the position, the charac ter, and the very turns of phrase of the great man who gave it to his country.'

H.

PHILIP FRENEAU AND H. BRAKENRIDGE: THE RISING GLORY OF AMERICA

141. This poem was given originally as the graduating exercise of Freneau and H. H. Brakenridge at Princeton College in 1771, Brakenridge delivering it, and it was published in pamphlet form the following year. Brakenridge in later years confessed that 'on his part it was a task of labor, while the verse of his associate flowed spontaneously.' Freneau printed his own part, with many modifications and additions, in the first edition of his poems, 1786. The present selection, which is the closing part of the original and which constitutes nearly one-third of the whole poem, follows the text of the 1772 pamphlet edition. 142. 71. Acapulco, the most important seaport on the Pacific coast of Mexico.

91. It should be noted that the city of Washington was a wilderness when Congress in 1790 de creed that the capital of the United States should be on the Potomac.

110. The Boston Massacre took place March 5, 1770, a year and a half before the Princeton commencement of 1771.

143. 128. H. H. Brackenridge, born in Scotland 1748, was brought by his parents to America when he was five years old. His boyhood years were spent in York County, Pennsylvania.

132. John Hampden (1594-1643) one of the most stalwart of the early opposers of the tyranny of Charles I.

135. Sir John Denham (1615-1668) in his long poem Cooper's Hill has in it a description of the river Thames which was greatly admired in its day. 137. The Tuscarora tribe of Indians originated in North Carolina.

TO THE MEMORY OF THE BRAVE

AMERICANS

148. 4. The Americans lost in killed, wounded, and missing 554 men.

20. Scott used this line in the introduction to the third canto of Marmion.

THE HURRICANE

149. When first published, the poem bore the title 'Verses, made at Sea, in a Heavy Gale.' Captain Freneau's ship survived the violent hurricane off Jamaica, July 30, 1784, when no more than eight out of 150 sail of vessels in the ports of Kingston and Port-Royal were saved.

THE WILD HONEY SUCKLE

149. Probably written in Charleston, S. C., in July, 1786. The poet undoubtedly referred to the Rhododendron Viscosum, or, as some call it, the Azalia Viscosum, since this is the only flower popularly known as the wild honeysuckle that is both white andhonied.'

THE INDIAN BURYING GROUND 150. 7. The North Americans bury their dead in a sitting posture; decorating the corpse with wampum, the images of birds, quadrupeds, &c: And (if that of a warrior) with bows, arrows, tomihawks and, other military weapons.' - Freneau's note.

36. Campbell borrowed this line for his poem 'O'Connor's Child.'

TO CYNTHIA

150. As first published it bore the title 'Stanzas written at Baltimore in Maryland, Jan. 1789, by Captain P. Freneau.' Freneau was married April 15, 1790, to Miss Eleanor Forman of Monmouth County, N. J.

ODE

151. Sung at the Civic Feast given to Citizen Genet in Philadelphia, by the French and Citizens, June 1, 1793.

THE REPUBLICAN GENIUS OF EUROPE 152. Freneau sympathized deeply with the French Revolutionists, and wrote many stirring lyrics in their behalf.

153. To those who now read it as a detached text, and who do not recreate for themselves the very scene, the atmosphere, the needs, the moods, from the midst of which this song came into life, it will be but a ponderous and humdrum verse. Of course winged words these are not, and were not; and yet so true was this song to the very heart of its time that, up and above the hail and smoke and curses of the battlefield, it really lifted the hearts of men who were just then overburdened by a dreadful task, who were just then bewildered in the dust and cries of the fighting, and begrimed with its soilure and blood; and it actually gave to them, for some great moments, a clear vision of the triumphant issue of all this havoc and horror,- home, country, a new fatherland in the world, the last and the noblest of time.'-Tyler.

154. In 1801 appeared The Psalms of David. Imitated in the Language of the New Testament, and applied to the Christian Use and Worship, by I. Watts, D. D. A New Edition, in which the Psalms omitted by Dr. Watts are versified anew, in proper Metres, By Timothy Dwight, D. D., President of Yale College.' This hymnal is significant only for the fact that to it Dwight contributed the one hymn that has survived from all the enormous mass of Puritan sacred songs written before the nineteenth century. 'I Love Thy Kingdom, Lord' has found its way into all the hymnals of the world and is still popular.

THE CONTRAST

155. A contrast between the affected manners of such shallow apers of the English, smart set as Dimple and Charlotte, and the simple native worth of Colonel Manly and Maria is the theme of the play. The selections which we have chosen form a complete unit, the sub-plot, which might be removed from the comedy entirely without affecting the continuity of the main story. They include practically the entire speaking parts of the servants Jessamy, Jonathan, and Jenny, who must do on a small scale precisely what their masters do on a larger scale.

Prologue. There is internal evidence, as in lines 30-34, that this was not written by Tyler. Who 'the

Young Gentleman of New York' was, we may not conjecture.

156. 48. Are generous, as just. Doubtless an echo from Charles Surface's Be just before you are generous.' The influence of Sheridan's play The School for Scandal, which had first appeared only ten years before, is everywhere evident in the comedy. a. 21. The Mall. 'Near Trinity Church was the " Mall," or promenade for the fashionable set of the little colonial town. By an unwritten law none but the members of the ruling class used it; and on fine afternoons it was filled with a gayly dressed throng of young men and pretty girls, the latter attended by their negro waiting maids.'- New York by Theodore Roosevelt.

24. Ranelagh. Gardens formerly situated near he Thames, in Chelsea, London. They were noted for concerts from 1740 to 1805, and famous as the scenes of wild extravagant entertainments, masquerades, etc. They were closed in 1805, and no trace now remains.'- Century Dictionary.

24. Vauxhall Gardens. A fashionable resort on the Thames above Lambeth. They were laid out în 1661. Descriptions of them are in the Spectator, in Humphrey Clinker, and Vanity Fair.

38. Votre très-humble, etc. servant, sir.

Your very humble

b. 36. Insurgents. Shays' insurrection, which arose from the unsettled conditions after the Revolution, took place in western Massachusetts in 1786. The author of The Contrast was fresh from the scenes of this rebellion when he wrote the play.

38. The bag to hold, referring to a crude practical joke sometimes practised in primitive regions. The victim is invited to go snipe hunting at night and is told that the method of capturing the birds is to stand in one of their run-ways in the swamp holding a bag while the rest of the party endeavors to drive the bewildered birds into it. The victim is left holding the bag while the rest of the party decamps for home.

42. Did think the sturgeons were right, meaning that Jonathan had at first sided with the insurgents. 157. a. 24. Took wit, became possessed of wit, or

sense.

53. Chesterfield. Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, was a leading man of fashion during the middle years of the eighteenth century. His letters to his son, first published in 1774, became a text-book for the fashionable world. They have been summed up as a master's treatise on the arts of uniting wickedness and the graces.' 158. a. 54. Buss. English dialect for kiss.

b. 1. Pugnancy of tribulation, evidently an attempt to reproduce Jessamy's 'poignancy of your penetration.'

159. b. 44. Hocus-pocus man, a conjurer or sleightof-hand performer.

160. a. 53. Mr. Joseph, Joseph Surface. The play was evidently The School for Scandal.

b. 27. Afraid of shooting irons. The allusion must be to the duel scene of The Rivals. There

is no shooting scene in The School for Scandal. 161. a. 53. Yankee Doodle. Tyler's delineation of the Yankee character in Jonathan was doubtless suggested by the Yankee greenhorn of this popular song of the Revolution.

162. b. 17. Grace. Jonathan, coming from New England, interprets the word in its religious and theological sense: 'Inward spiritual gifts' conferred by God through Jesus Christ.'

54. Affettuoso, etc., common musical terms, meaning respectively affectingly,' 'softly,' and very loudly.'

THE BLIND PREACHER

175. From the Letters of the British Spy. 'The Blind Preacher," thus described by Mr. Wirt in 1803, was the Rev. James Waddell, born in Ireland in 1739, and brought here in his infancy by his parents, who settled in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. He became a fine classical scholar, and first concluded to devote his life to teaching. But, his views undergoing a change, he determined to enter the ministry, and was licensed in 1761 and settled over a Presbyterian church in Lancaster County. In 1776, he removed to Virginia; and, his salary being small, he received some pupils for classical instruction in his own house. He resided in Louisa County for twenty years, and died there. "He lost his eyesight in the latter part of his life. Patrick Henry pronounced him the greatest orator he ever heard.'- C. D. Cleveland. 176. a. 6. Buffet, a blow with the hand. John xix:3.

b. 22. Massillon, a celebrated French pulpit orator, 1663-1742.

23. Bourdaloue, French theologian, one of the most illustrious pulpit orators of France, 1632-1704. 177. a. 1. Sir Robert Boyle, English chemist and natural philosopher, 1627-1691.

27. Gray's bard. This is a part of the second stanza of Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard, first published in 1757.

THE COMMON MOCKING-BIRD 179. a. 3. Louisiana. It should be remembered that Audubon's early childhood had been passed in Louisiana. The mocking-bird had been associated with his infancy.

6. As I at this moment do. Significant.

THE PASSENGER PIGEON

179. The sudden disappearance of the wild or passenger pigeon is one of the most remarkable phenomena in zoological history. In 1888 the birds failed to appear in their customary breeding places and not a trace of them has been seen since. An offer of $3000 for a single pair has not yet been responded to.

SQUATTER LIFE ON THE AMERICAN RIVERS 181. From Audubon's journal as published in Mrs. Audubon's Life of John James Audubon, page 83. Audubon in his journeys through the wild canebrakes of the Mississippi had abundant opportunity of observing this pioneer stage of American Life,

chivalric achievements of Peter the Headstrong; the three Dutch governors of New Amsterdam; being the only authentic history of the times that ever hath been or ever will be published. By Diedrich Knickerbocker.

For the hoax by which Irving introduced it to New York see the Introduction to the book, or Pierre M. Irving's Life of Irving, Chapter XIII.

Concerning the value of the book one may quote Warner's Life of Irving: The book is indeed an original creation, and one of the few masterpieces of humor. In spontaneity, freshness, breadth of conception, and joyous vigor, it belongs to the springtime of literature. It has entered into the popular mind as no other American book ever has, and it may be said to have created a social realm which, with all its whimsical conceit, has almost historical solidity. The Knickerbocker pantheon is almost as real as that of Olympus.'

195. a. 33. Such are my feelings, etc. It must be borne constantly in mind that this purports to have been written by the venerable Dutchman, Diedrich Knickerbocker, and that the style is made purposely pompous and over-ornate, yet there is always more of Irving in the style than there is of Knickerbocker. Compare, for instance, the next paragraph with the closing paragraph in Westminster Abbey' in the Sketch Book.

THE STOUT GENTLEMAN

199. On the 9th of September, 1821, Irving and his friend, the young American artist, Leslie, made an excursion to Birmingham. The following is from Leslie's Autobiography:

'We mounted the top of one of the Oxford coaches at three o'clock in the afternoon, intending only to go as far as Henley that night; but the evening was so fine, and the fields filled with laborers gathering in the corn by the light of a full moon, presented so animated an appearance, that although we had not dined, we determined to proceed to Oxford, which we reached about eleven o'clock, and then sat down to a hot supper.

'The next day it rained unceasingly, and we were confined to the inn, like the nervous traveler whom Irving has described as spending a day in endeavor. ing to penetrate the mystery of the stout gentleman." This wet Sunday at Oxford did in fact sug gest to him that capital story, if story it can be called. That next morning, as we mounted the coach, I said something about a stout gentleman who had come from London with us the day before, and Irving remarked that The Stout Gentleman would not be a bad title for a tale; as soon as the coach stopped, he began writing with his pencil, and went on at every like opportunity. We visited Stratfordon-Avon, strolled about Charlecot Park and other places in the neighborhood, and while I was sketching, Irving, mounted on a stile or seated on a stone, was busily engaged with The Stout Gentleman. He wrote with the greatest rapidity, often laughing to himself, and from time to time reading the manuscript to me. We loitered some days in this classic neighborhood, visiting Warwick and Kenilworth; and

'But I don't see, after all, that there was any ghost in this last story.'

'Oh, if it's ghosts you want, honey,' cried the Irish captain of dragoons, if it's ghosts you want, you shall have a whole regiment of them. And since these gentlemen have been giving the adventures of their uncles and aunts, faith and I'll e'en give you a chapter too, out of my own family history.' Whereupon he tells the story.

'Sir Walter Scott, in his paper on Supernatural and Fictitious Composition, praised Irving's sketch of the Bold Dragoon as the only instance of the fantastic then to be found in the English language.' - Higginson's History of American Literature.

a. 48. My uncle Toby, a well-known character in Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy.

b. 24. Bruges, see Longfellow's The Belfry of Bruges.

205. a. 21. Heer verkoopt, etc. Here one can buy good drink.

THE DEVIL AND TOM WALKER 208. One may trace the influence on Irving of Hauff's Das Wirthshaus im Spessart, particularly of the tale Das Kalte Hertz.

THE HALL OF AMBASSADORS 215. The Alhambra has fitly been called 'the beautiful Spanish Sketch Book.' It is a collection of sketches and descriptions and stories all centering about the old Moorish fortress and palace of the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. The Hall of the Am bassadors is not a chapter from this book; it is rather one of the independent pieces which make up the collection.

SPANISH ROMANCE

218. This was sent as an introduction to the story Legend of Don Munio Sancho de Hinojosa. By the author of the Sketch Book.

THE PILOT

220. The story of The Pilot is founded on the exploits of John Paul Jones during April, 1778. Running boldly into the Irish Channel with his little ship, Ranger, he spread havoc among the merchantmen, captured the harbor of Whitehaven, and after spiking all the guns of the shore batteries, set fire to the shipping in the harbor, and escaped. The next day,