total sums of revenue in that year, 12,441,323 francs. A public debt was heretofore unknown; but in March, 1865, the President was authorized by the National Congress to contract a loan of £5,000,000.

Army and Navy. The standing army is 15,000 men; the reserve, 46,000 men. At the beginning of the war against Brazil and her allies in 1865, President Lopez was reported as having in a short time organized an effective army of 68,000 men. In 1868, he was reported to have reinforced his army by an army corps of women. The navy, in 1864, (according to the Buenos Ayres Standard), was composed of 3 brigs, 21 steamers, 15 small gunboats, partly iron-clad, each carrying one 80-pounder Armstrong gun.

Commerce. The imports, in 1859 (according to a communication to the Moniteur of Paris), amounted to 8,833,000 francs; the exports to 7,703,000 francs; the number of arrivals and clearances, together, to 412 vessels, of 16,650 tons.

11. PERU.

Capital, Lima. Area, 510,107 square miles. Population, 2,500,000.

History. Foundation of a Peruvian Empire, in the 12th century; landing of the Spaniards under Pizarro, 1526; gradual conquest of the Empire; temporary independence of Spain; reestablishment of the Spanish authority, 1547; beginning of the war of independence, 1810; declaration of independence, 1821.

The greater number of the inhabitants are descendants of Spaniards mixed with Indians. According to Paz Soldan (Geografia del Perú, Paris, 1862), the population, exclusive of uncivilized Indians (of whom there are about 400,000) was 2,255,000.

Government. President, José BALTA, elected July 18, 1868. A new constitution was adopted in 1867. The President is elected for a term of five years. The Senate consists of two members from each department; the House of Representatives of one member for each 20,000 inhabitants. The parochial electoral colleges choose deputies to the provincial electoral colleges which, in turn, send deputies to Congress. The public exercise of any religion, save the Roman Catholic, is prohibited. The new constitution was adopted by forty-three against forty votes, while the provision that the Roman Catholic religion should be the religion of the state and, as such, protected and maintained by the state, was passed by a unanimous vote.

The Ministry, appointed by President Balta in August 1868, is composed as follows: Interior and Presidency, Pedro Galvez; Foreign Affairs, José A. Barrenechea; Justice, Teodoro La Rosa, (November, 1868); Commerce, Francisco Garcia Calderon; War and Navy, F. Balta.

Finances. The budget for 1867, as voted by the House of Representatives, was as follows: Revenue, £2,689,083; expenditure, £3,105,421; deficit, £416,388. The chief source of income is the sale of guano, but the proceeds are for several years in advance pledged to the creditors of the state. The public debt July 1, 1866, was $108,458,760.

Army and Navy. The Peruvian army in 1866, was composed as follows: Infantry, 8,400; Cavalry, 1,200; Artillery, 1,000; Gensd'armes, 5,408; total, 16,008.

The navy consisted, in 1866, of the steamers Callao, thirty 68-pounders; Chalaco, four 68-pounders; Tumbez, four 32-pounders; Chanchamaya, two 32-pounders; Colon, two guns; two steam corvettes, America and Union, with 14 rifled guns each; the iron clads Loa, two 100-pounders; Victoria (monitor), with two 68-pounders; the iron-clad frigate Independencia, with fourteen rifled cannon; and the Huascar, with two 300-pounders and two 40-pounders.

Commerce. The imports of 1865 amounted to about $35,000,000; exports to $40,290,048. The number of vessels which entered the ports of Peru in 1865, was 1,436, amounting to 926,977 tons; the number of vessels cleared was 1,316, amounting to 884,471 tons. The merchant navy, in 1861, numbered 110 sea-going vessels, of 24,234 tons.

12. SAN DOMINGO.

Capital, San Domingo. Area, 17,826 square miles. Population, 136,500. History. For some prominent facts in the past history, see Hayti; re-annexation to Spain, 1861; insurrection, 1863-65. Spain acknowledges the independence of San Domingo, May 6, 1865. Since then almost uninterrupted civil war. Provisional President since 1867, Buenaventura Baez. The population is composed chiefly of mulattoes and whites. The annual imports and exports are estimated at about 6,000,000 francs each. The number of vessels annually entering the ports of San Domingo and Puerto Plata is from 100 to 120.

13. URUGUAY.

Capital, Montevideo. Area, 66,716 square miles. Population, 350,000.

History. Declaration of independence by the delegates assembled in the city of La Florida, August 25, 1825; recognition of Uruguay as an independent republic by the treaty of Montevideo, between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, October 4, 1828; proclamation of the constitution, July 18, 1830.

Population of the capital, in 1860, 37,787, and in 1862, after annexation of Cordon and Aguada, 45,765. According to a circular of Minister Herrera, in 1863, the population of the republic amounted to 350,000, among whom were 150,000 foreigners.

Government. President, LORENZO BATTLE, since February. 1868; formerly minister of war. The ministry is divided into four departments: Foreign affairs, interior, finances, and war. The sessions of the legislature generally extend from February 15 to the end of June. During the adjournment a permanent commission of two senators and five members of the lower house remains in session. The President is elected for the term of four years.

Finances. A budget extending from July 1, 1860, to December 31, 1861, gives the estimated receipts and expenditures both at $3,579,802. In consequence of the almost uninterrupted civil war, no budgets have since been published. The public debt in February, 1862, amounted to $20,000,000.

Army. The army, in 1864, was composed as follows: Garrison of the capital, 1,300; garrison in the provinces, 1,500; national guard, about 20,000 men. For the war against Paraguay, which Uruguay undertook together with Brazil and the Argentine Republic, Uruguay contributed a contingent of 3,500 men; but nearly the whole of this force was soon withdrawn, as the outbreak of a new civil war was feared:

Commerce. The imports in 1862, were $8,151,802; exports, 8,804,443. In 1866, the imports amounted to $15,330,000; exports, $13,238,000. The revenue from customs was, in 1862, $1,779,898, and in 1866, $3,293,924.

14. VENEZUELA.

Capital, Caracas. Area, 368,235 square miles. Population, 2,200,000.

History. Declaration of independence by Bolivar, November 20, 1818; meeting of the first congress, February 15, 1819; proclamation of the Republic of Colombia (New Granada and Venezuela), December 25, 1819; Venezuela seceded and constituted itself an independent republic, November, 1829; independence recognized by Spain, March 30, 1845.

Government. Provisional President, José TADEO MONAGAS, elected August, 1868; (died November, 1868). A new constitution was adopted in 1863.

Finances. The public revenue, in 1858, was 20,525,275 francs; expenditures, 20,525,275 francs; the public debt, in 1859, amounted to 114,128,100 francs, 9,517,035 being interior, and 104,611,065 external debt.

The army, in 1858, consisted of 10,000 men; the navy of two steam frigates and four schooners. The imports, in 1856, were valued at 27,985,644 francs; the exports, at 32,180,520 francs.

15. BRITISH POSSESSIONS.

SUMMARY OF THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN AMERICA.

The following table gives the area and population of each of the colonies and dependencies of Great Britain in America, as well as the revenue, expenditure, imports and exports of each. The Hudson's Bay Territory is not included. Negotiations for its annexation to the Dominion of Canada have been begun, but not concluded.

Capital, Ottawa. Area, 376,988 square miles. Population, 3,464,766.

History. The old province of Quebec was, in 1791, divided into the two Governments of Upper and Lower Canada, with representative institutions for each. In 1840, the two provinces were reunited into the province of Canada, and the legislative councils consolidated. On Sept. 1, 1864, delegates appointed by the Governments of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's Island, met at Charlottetown to confer as to the practicability of establishing a legislative union between the maritime provinces. Canadian delegates were informally present. A legislative union of the maritime provinces was found by the conference to be impracticable, but the delegates were unanimously of opinion that a union on a larger basis (inclusive of Canada) might be effective. The subject was fully discussed at the Inter-Colonial Conference of Quebec, which was opened October 10, 1864, and consisted of 7 delegates from New Brunswick, 5 from Nova Scotia, 7 from Prince Edward's Island, 2 from New Foundland, and 12 from Canada. The conference lasted 18 days, and adopted the "Seventy Two Resolutions" as a plan of union. The Legislative Council of Canada, February 20, 1865, adopted a resolution, by 45 to 15 votes, to petition the Queen for a legislative union of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, New Foundland, Prince Edward's Island, into one Government. The same resolution was passed by the House of Assembly on the 10th of March, by a vote of 91 (54 Upper Canada, 37 Lower Canada) to 33 (25 Lower Canada, 8 Upper Canada). New Brunswick, in 1865, chose a House of Assembly hostile to the Quebec scheme; but in 1866, at a new election, the Confederationists obtained a majority and union resolutions passed the House of Assembly by 31 to 8. The Nova Scotia House of Assembly, in 1866, issued union resolutions by a vote of 31 to 18. Prince Edward's Island repudiated the action of the delegates and declared against union. New Foundland declared against any immediate action on the subject. The Legislature of British Columbia, in 1866, expressed a desire to be admitted into the Confederation. In December 1866, delegates from Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, met in London to draft a Constitution. The English House of Lords passed a bill for the Confederation of the Provinces, February 26, 1867; the House of Commons March 8, and March 28 it received the royal sanction. A royal proclamation of May 22, declared that the Dominion of Canada should commence its existence on July 1, 1867. Serious opposition to the Confederation was shown in Nova Scotia, and at the election of a new legislature, the anti-Confederationists carried almost every district. Government. Governor General, Sir JOHN YOUNG, appointed, 1868. The Cabinet, appointed July 1, 1867: President of the Council, Hon. ADAM T. FERGUSON BLAIR; Minister of Justice, Sir JOHN A. MACDONALD; Minister of Finance, Hon. A. T. GALT; Minister of Militia, Hon. G. E. CARTIER; Minister of Customs, Hon. S. L. TILLEY; Minister of Excise, Hon. WILLIAM HOWLAND; Minister of Public Works, Hon. W. M'DOUGALL; Minister of Marine and Fisheries, Hon. P. MITCHELL; Minister of Agriculture, Hon. JEAN C. CHAPALS; Secretary for Canada, Hon. HECTOR L. LANGEVIN; Secretary for the Provinces, Hon. T. ARCHIBALD; Postmaster General, Hon. ALEXANder Campbell; Receiver General, Hon. JOHN KENNY.

The executive is vested in a Governor General, styled "Governor General of British North America," and appointed by the crown. He has a salary of £7,000 per annum, and holds authority in the name of the sovereign of Great Britain. The Governor General has the power to give or withhold the royal assent to bills passed by the Senate and House of Assembly, or to reserve the same till the royal pleasure be expressed. Such bills as are assented to by the governor in the name of the crown are, nevertheless, subject to disallowance by the sovereign, within two years after the receipt of authentic copies by one of the principal secretaries of state in Great Britain; and no bills, reserved for the consideration of the crown, can have any force, unless the royal assent be signified within two years after they have been presented to the Governor General.

By the act of Confederation of 1867, the legislative authority of the Dominion of Canada is vested in a Parliament of two houses, the Senate and the House of Assembly. The former consists of thirty-nine members, nominated for life by the Governor, and of the same number elected by the people. At the first organization of the Canadian Confederation, the total of the 78 members of its Senate-48 for Canada, 18 for Nova Scotia, and 12 for New Brunswick-were nominated by the crown. The House of Assembly comprises 181 members-82 for Upper Canada, 65 for Lower Canada, 19 for Nova Scotia, and 15 for New Brunswick. Members of the House of Assembly must be possessed of freehold property of the value of £800. Electors in counties are required to be possessed of, or to occupy, property of the assessed actual value of £50, or the yearly value of £5; while electors in towns must be possessed of, or occupy, property of the yearly value of £7. 10s. Members of the House of Assembly, during session, have an allowance from the public funds. Clergymen of all denominations are ineligible. The House is elected for four years, but may be previously dissolved by the Governor, in which case a new election must take place inmediately. At least one session must be held annually.

All proceedings and records of the Legislative Assembly are ordered to be kept, by the act of 1840, in the English language only. The Speaker of the House of Assembly is elected by the members, while the president of the Senate is appointed by the crown for life.

Army. In addition to the troops maintained by the English Government, Canada has a large volunteer force, and an enrolled militia, numbering about 200,000 men, rank and file. The militia is divided into three classes, namely, first class service men, comprising unmarried men and widowers without children between 18 and 45; second class service, married men and widowers with children, between same ages; third class service men, those between 45 and 60. The present volunteer force of Canada consists of 10,615 infantry, 1,687 artillery, 1,615 cavalry, and 202 engineers.

Statistics of Population. The population of the Colonies now comprised in the Dominion of Canada was 3,464,766, in 1865; in January, 1861, it was as follows:

The annual rate of increase during the decennium from 1851 to 1861 was 4.34 per cent. for Ontario, 2.50 per cent. for Quebec, 2.60 per cent. for New Brunswick, 1.82 per cent. for Nova Scotia, 2.07 per cent. for Prince Edward's Island. At this rate of increase, and making estimates for the remainder of British North America, (New Foundland, British Columbia, Hudson's Bay Territory), in 1961 the population will be 79,957,000.

Productions. The average total quantity and value of the yearly raw products of the Dominion are about as follows:

This is the largest of the British possessions in the West Indies. The area is 6,400 square miles; the entire coast line, 500 miles. It is divided into three counties, Middlesex, Surrey, and Cornwall, and these are subdivided into sixteen parishes; the former number (twenty-two), having been recently reduced by the union of some of the smaller parishes with larger ones. The population, according to the latest census taken, was 441,264, of which 13,816 were whites, 81,074 of mixed blood, and 346,374 blacks. The increase from 1844 to 1861, was 63,831.

Since the abolition of the representative institutions, by the vote of the old Legislature, the colony is governed as a crown colony, the administration being carried on by the Governor with the assistance of three executive officers, receiving their appointments from England. There is, besides, a Legislative Council, consisting of thirteen members, inclusive of the Governor, who is president. Of the other twelve, six are official and six unofficial, but all are nominated by,and subject to removal at the will of, the Crown.

The principal exports of the island are sugar, rum, coffee, pimento, ginger, and dye-woods. The revenue for 1867, amounted to $1,477,420, showing a deficiency of $281,555. This deficiency is accounted for by the falling off in the two most important branches of revenue-customs and excise the former having fallen below the estimates, $149,115; the latter, $138,195.

In 1867 St. Thomas and St. John were sold to the United States, but at the close of the year 1868, the purchase had not been ratified by Congress.

Only a small portion of Greenland has ever been explored. The population given above is that of the 13 Danish colonies (districts). Of the population outside of these colonies no reliable estimate can be formed. The number of Europeans is 250. The colonies are divided into the two inspectorates of South and North Greenland; the former containing six and the latter seven districts. The number of European settlements is 38; besides these there are two Missionary stations. Most of them are established on the western coast. The principal villages are Frederick's Harbor, Julian's Harbor, Upernavik, and Good Hope.