Marine and Fisheries.-The report of the marine section of this department up to Jan. 1, 1897, shows that the amount voted by Parliament for marine was $835,640, and the expenditure for the fiscal year was $43,326 less than the amount voted. The number of persons employed by the marine branch of the department in the outside service was 1.736. The number of lights in the Dominion is 766, against 625 ten years ago. The expenditure for maintenance and repairs of the Dominion steamers was $150,599. The total number of wrecks and casualties during the year of British and Canadian seagoing vessels reported to the department was 273, with a loss of $1,266,761. The number of lives reported lost was 43. The registered merchant shipping on Dec. 31, 1896, was 7,279 vessels, measuring 789,299 tons, being an increase of 17 vessels and a decrease of 36,537 tons compared with 1895. Assuming the average value to be $30 a ton, the value of the registered tonnage of Canada would be $23,678,000. During the year 227 new vessels were built and registered, of a value of $726,000, estimating the tonnage at $45 a ton. The fisheries report was submitted on May 27, and was not satisfactory in many respects. While the salt-water inshore area of Canada, not including minor indentations, covers more than 1,500 square miles, the fresh-water area of that part of the Great Lakes belonging to the Dominion is computed at 72,700 square miles, not including the numerous lakes of Manitoba and the Territories, all stocked with excellent fish. For 1896 the value of the Canadian fisheries was computed at $20,199,338, being a decrease of over $500,000 compared with the previous year. With the exception of British Columbia, which shows a surplus of nearly $500,000, and New Brunswick, which shows a slight increase, all the provinces have yielded less than last year. The figures above do not include the large quantity of fish consumed by the Indian population of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories, estimated at over $2,000,000. For the first time in the history of Canadian fisheries salmon, an anadromous fish, has supplanted in the graduated table his deep-sea cousin, the cod. While the value of the latter has declined by over $500.000, the value of the former has increased by about the same amount, thus reversing the difference of $1,000,000 which existed in 1894 between the two species. Other most important fluctuations are the large increase in herring and sardines, and the falling off in mackerel and lobsters. CANNING INDUSTRY. About $72,000,000 worth of canned goods are put up annually by the canneries of the United States, about one third of this value being in meats, and the remainder in fruits and vegetables. The annual output in cans of all sizes is about 700,000,000, and in car loads about 60.000. There are about 2.000 canned-goodspacking firms in the country, and a little more than 2,000 canneries. Maryland is the center of the industry, about 500 canneries being within that State. Maine, New York, and California, in the order named, are the States next most productive of canned goods, but there is hardly a State in the Union that has not some share in the industry. Ohio, Illinois, Virginia, and Indiana are largely represented. During the busy season employment is given to about 1,000,000 persons, directly and indirectly. The number regularly employed is fewer than 70,000. The history of the industry begins about 1850, when the introduction of machinery began to supplant the hand labor that had been employed in a small way. Shortly after the civil war the Ferracute Machine Company, of Bridgeton, N. J., and other concerns began the manufacture of presses, dies, and fruit-can tools, and since then a long line of labor-saving machinery has been developed. The organization of members of the trade for their own protection began in 1883, with the formation of the Canned Goods Exchange, in Baltimore. In 1885 the Western Canned Goods Packers' Association was formed in Chicago. As a result of this came the National Association of Canned-Goods Packers, organized in Indianapolis in 1889; the Peninsula Packers' Association was formed at Dover, Del., in 1894; and the Atlantic States Canned Goods Packers' Association at Baltimore in the same year. The list of edibles canned includes nearly every perishable food product, being headed by tomatoes, which is the staple in Maryland and the Middle States. Beef is canned mostly north and west of Ohio river. Sardines and lobsters are the principal features of the pack in Maine, while salmon is put up mostly in California, and oysters in New Jersey, Delaware, and New York. About 3,000 fishing vessels and 25,000 fishermen find employment in supplying the canneries, while 2,000 oyster boats and 20,000 men are engaged in raising oysters for the same purpose. Peas are packed largely in Maryland, New York, Ohio, Indiana, and Delaware. Massachusetts is the State where the most beans are packed, New York being a close second. Corn, milk, apples, pears, pineapples, small fruits generally, pumpkins, squashes, etc., are put up in large quantities wherever they are plentifully grown. About $30,000,000 of capital is invested in the canning industry in the United States, and about $12,000,000 is paid out annually in wages. The raw material costs about $40,000,000. Almost all the goods packed are for domestic consumption, though the export trade is increasing, the cannedfruit export for 1896 being $1,346,281, against $871,465 the previous year. The canned-meat export is known to be larger than that of the fruit, but the exact figures are not obtainable, owing to the method of classification of the exports. Great Britain takes the greater part of the export. Canneries engaged in packing fruit and vegetables are obliged to do most of their work during a few months of the summer, being comparatively idle the remainder of the year. They generally engage all the floating cheap labor in the vicinity during their busy months, paying from $2.50 to $1 a day in wages, a great deal of the work being done by women and children, who are paid by the piece. A large portion of the tin plate produced in the country is used in making cans, and many of the tin-plate, concerns are also manufacturers of cans. The cans are mostly round, though square and oblong cans are common. All the work. is done with automatic machinery, the tin being stamped out with presses and dies, and put together with seamers and headers. For many years it was necessary to use hand labor for sealing or closing up the cans after filling, but a practical mechanical capper was introduced about 1883, and there are now several capping machines in the market. An efficient capper will solder 40,000 cans in a day. The machinery of a canning factory devoted to fruit and vegetables includes usually a steam boiler for heating a water bath, this being connected by pipes with various tanks and kettles used in scalding and blanching. Scalding assists the skinning operation, and tomatoes or the like, held in wire baskets, are dipped in the kettles just before skinning. Cookers are made in a great variety of forms, according to the nature of the goods and the capacity required. They usually have a siruper as an attachment, for supplying a definite amount of sirup to each can, and frequently an automatic can-filling attachment constitutes a part of the internal affairs, the control of external affairs being reserved to the British Government under the title of suzerain. A subsequent convention, signed at London in 1884, recognized the new style of South African Republic adopted by the Transvaal and abandoned the assertion of suzerainty, but reserved to Great Britain the right to review and re mechanism. A double-filler cooker, with siruper, should have a capacity of about 5,000 cans an hour. Process kettles or tanks are used in "processing' or cooling the fruit. Exhaust tanks and kettles are employed to exhaust cold air from the cans just before the final closure. Crates, formed of strap iron and arranged to be hung from cranes, are used for handling the cans in the operations of process-ject any treaty made by the Government of the reing, exhausting, etc. For special work there are such machines as green-corn cutters, which will handle 4,000 ears an hour; corn mixers; corn-silking machines, for removing silk and refuse from the corn after its separation from the cob; peahulling machines, some of which will hull 100 bushels in an hour; rotary pea separators, grading the peas into half a dozen sizes, at the rate of 60 bushels an hour; pea sieves, for grading peas in small quantities; pea blanchers; pumpkin fillers; pumpkin grates; pumpkin peelers; besides various wipers, parers, corers, graters, seeders, etc. CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. The Cape of Good Hope was settled by the Dutch in the seventeenth century. In 1806 the colony was annexed by Great Britain. It then extended eastward as far as the Great Fish river. Many of the descendants of the original Dutch and Huguenot settlers, dissatisfied with British rule, founded a new colony in Natal, on the east coast, in 1835. Other discontented Boers migrated northward across the Orange river in 1836 and succeeding years and established the settlements that were declared independent and organized into the Orange Free State in 1854. The Natal settlements were annexed by Great Britain, and the Boer colonists abandoned their farms and traveled far into the interior, where they established, in 1849, on the farther side of the Vaal river, a new commonwealth called the Transvaal Republic, whose independence was recognized by Great Britain in 1852. Natal was separated from Cape Colony and erected into a colony in 1856. British Kaffraria was incorporated in Cape Colony in 1865, and Tembuland, East Griqualand, the Transkei territories, and the harbor of Walfisch Bay, on the southwest coast, were annexed subsequently. Griqualand West was originally a part of the Orange Free State, but after the discovery of the diamond mines it was annexed by Great Britain, and now forms an integral part of Cape Colony. Basutoland was annexed to Cape Colony in 1871, but was detached in consequence of difficulties with the natives, and was placed under direct British imperial administration in 1884. In 1884 Germany declared a protectorate on the southwest coast of Africa over Damaraland from Cape Frio, the southernmost point of Portuguese West Africa, to Walfisch Bay and over Namaqualand from Walfisch Bay to the Orange river. British Bechuanaland was annexed by Great Britain in 1884 after the suppression of the Government established in Stellaland at Vryburg by Transvaal Boers, and in 1885 a British protectorate was proclaimed over independent Bechuanaland, the country still ruled by Chief Khana. Zululand was divided after the Zulu war, a section next to the Natal border being set apart as a reserve for loyal Zulus who aided the British in the war. The rest was restored to Cetewayo in 1883. In 1887 about two thirds of this territory, together with the Zulu reserve, were formally declared British territory and were placed under the administration of the Governor of Natal. The Transvaal Republic was annexed by Great Britain in 1877, and a British administrator was appointed, but in 1880 the Boers took up arms after expelling the British officials, and after successfully resisting the British troops that were sent to conquer them obtained by the treaty of 1881 the restoration of self-government in public with foreign powers or with independent native chiefs to the north or east of the Transvaal. The new republic, founded by Boers in Zululand, was subsequently incorporated as the district of Vrijheid in the South African Republic with the assent of Great Britain. By the convention of 1890 a part of Swaziland also was added to the republic. All the territories north of the Transvaal, including Matabeleland, ruled by King Lobengula, with the neighboring countries of the Mashonas, Makalakas, and other tribes paying tribute to him, and comprising all the region north of 22° of south latitude, east of 20° of east longitude, and west of the Portuguese province of Sofala, were declared to be within the British sphere of influence. In 1889 a royal charter was granted to the British South Africa Company, which was authorized to organize an administration for these territories. The company was empowered to take under its administration, subject to the approval of the Imperial Government, the regions north of the Bechuanaland protectorate, and west of it to the German boundary. Portugal claimed the banks of the Zambesi and a continuous zone of territory across the conti nent from its colony of Mozambique, on the east coast, to Angola, on the west coast, but, yielding under threat of war to superior force, agreed in 1891 to recognize as a British protectorate the countries south of the Zambesi, including the Manica plateau, and also the Barotse kingdom and all the regions north of the Zambesi up to the border of the Congo State, including the Lake Nyassa region, where British missionaries were active. In 1891 the British Government extended the field of operations of the British South Africa Company so as to include all the territories north of the Zambesi, known as Northern Zambesia or British Central Africa, with the exception of the Nyassaland districts, which had been declared in 1889 to be within the British sphere, and were now proclaimed a British protectorate. Pondoland was annexed to the Cape in 1894, and in 1895 the Crown colony of Bechuanaland was incorporated in Cape Colony. Cape of Good Hope.-Cape Colony has possessed responsible government since 1872. The legislative power is vested in a Legislative Council, elected for seven years and containing 23 members, and a Legislative Assembly of 79 members, elected for five years. The colony is divided into 7 districts, each electing 3 members to the Council, while Griqualand West and British Bechuanaland are each represented by 1 member. Members of the Assembly are elected by single country districts and towns. The members of both houses are elected by voters able to register their names, occupations, and addresses and qualified by the occupation of house property worth £75 or the receipt of a salary of £50. The law of 1892 provided that elections should be held by ballot after July 1, 1894. The number of registered electors in 1895 was 91,875. The Governor is Lord Rosmead, formerly Sir Hercules Robinson, who was Governor before from 1881 till 1889, and was reappointed in 1895. The ministry in the beginning of 1897 was composed as follows: Prime Minister and Treasurer, Sir J. Gordon Sprigg; Colonial Secretary, Dr. T. N. G. Te Water; Attorney-General, Sir Thomas Upington; Commissioner of Public Works, Sir James Sivewright; Secretary for Agriculture, P. H. Faure. Area and Population.-The area of Cape Colony, with Griqualand West and British Bechuanaland, is 248,187 square miles, and the population in 1891 was 1,112,596, of whom 371,819 were whites. The area of the dependencies of the colony is about 16,000 square miles, and the population 690,000, of whom 10,379 are whites. The population of Cape Town, the capital, was 83.718 in 1891, including suburbs. There were 7,356 marriages in 1895. The net immigration in 1892 was 4,788: in 1893, 7,695; in 1894, 7.845; in 1895, 15,410. The Government granted £181,371 in aid of education in 1895. Of 99.280 European children returned in the census, 22,080 were taught in Government-aided schools, 17,697 in private schools, and 20,223 at home or in Sunday schools only; of 316,152 native children, 34,133 were taught in Government-aided schools, 4,561 in private schools, and 5,021 at home or in Sunday schools. There were 2.200 aided schools and colleges in 1895, with 106,683 pupils enrolled, and 78,621 in average attendance. Only 28 per cent. of the European population could read and write in 1891. Finances. The revenue of the colony for the year ending June 30, 1895, was £5,416,612, of which £1,902,860 came from taxation, £3,069,567 from services, £337,272 from the colonial estate, £80,472 from fines, stores, etc., and £26,441 from loans. The total expenditure was £5,388,157, of which £1,244,749 went to pay interest and sinking fund of the debt, £1,552,445 for railroads, £158,584 for defense, £317,913 for police and jails, £140,448 for the civil establishment, and £236,423 under loan acts. The budget of expenditures for 1897 is £5,827.662. The debt of the colony on Jan. 1, 1896, amounted to £27,533,978. The debts of the divisional councils amounted to £43,949, and those of municipalities to £1,411,143. The municipal revenues were £457,629 in 1895, and the expenditures £596,048. Commerce and Production. The product of wheat in the year ending May 31, 1896, was 2,187,648 bushels; of oats, 1,654.503 bushels; of barley, 668,490 bushels; of mealies, 1,728,231 bushels; of Kaffir corn, 1,009,503 bushels; of rye, 607,536 bushels: of tobacco, 4,579,759 pounds; of wine, 5.687,232 gallons; of brandy, 1,264,512 gallons; of raisins, 1.636,566 pounds; of wool, 45,521,508 pounds; of mohair, 7,210,915 pounds; of ostrich feathers, 294,479 pounds.; of butter, 3,204,440 pounds. There were 387,590 horses, 94,570 mules and asses, 2,303,582 cattle, 14,409,434 sheep. 4,939,258 goats, and 224,953 ostriches in the colony in 1896. The total value of the imports in 1895 was £19,094,880. The merchandise imports amounted to £13,285,005. The total exports were £16,904,756 in value; the exports of colonial produce, £16,798,137. The imports of textiles and apparel were £4,080,865; of food and drink, £2.449,788. The exports of gold were £7,975,637, not including specie; of diamonds, £4,775,016; of wool, £1,695,920; of Angora hair, £710,867; of ostrich feathers, £527,742; of hides and skins, £475,398; of copper ore, £246,597; of wine, £20,289; of grain and meal, £6.565. Of the total imports, £10,427,201 came from Great Britain, £736,584 from British possessions, and £2.448.620 from foreign countries; of the exports, £16,316,001 went to Great Britain, £68,011 to British possessions, and £414,125 to foreign countries. Navigation. During 1895 there were 851 vessels, of 1,974,576 tons, entered in the ocean trade, of which 641, of 1,777,417 tons, were British; and there were cleared 810, of 1,905,500 tons, of which 617, of 1,725,027 tons, were British. In the coasting trade 1.167, of 3,141,932 tons were entered, and 1,170, of 3,153,895 tons, cleared. The merchant marine of the colony in 1896 con sisted of 8 sailing vessels, of 598 tons, and 22 steamers, of 2,322 tons. Communications.-The Government owns all the railroads except 205 miles. The Government railroads have been built since 1873, when there were only 63 miles. In 1883 they had a length of 1,089 miles, and on Jan. 1, 1896, the total length was 2,253 miles. The system extends into the South African Republic through the Orange Free State and from Kimberley northward to Mafeking, where the line is being continued for the British South Africa Company. The section from Vryburg to Mafeking, 96 miles, was also built for this company, and is operated for it by the Cape Government. The capital expended in the Government railroads to Jan. 1, 1896, was £20,487,072. The gross receipts for 1895 were £3,390,093, and the expenses $1,596.013. There were transported during the year 6,703,098 passengers and 1,158,614 tons of freight. The number of letters passing through the post office in 1895 was 16,609,576: of newspapers, 7,562,400; of postal cards, 518,560; of books and samples, 1,533,720; of parcels, 360,020; receipts, £331,637; expenditures of postal and telegraph service, £341,703. The receipts from telegrams were £97,453, not including Government messages worth £90,705 to dispatch at regular rates; expenses, £90,603. The telegraph lines have a length of 6,316 miles. The Government acquired from the telegraph company 781 miles in 1873, and has built the rest of the system. The number of dispatches in 1895 was 1,798,061. Politics and Legislation.-Cape Colony has enjoyed great prosperity through the development of gold mining in the Transvaal and the influx of capital into South Africa and of a new population to consume its products. The depression of the gold-mining industry reacted on the commercial and agricultural interests of the Cape, and in 1897 the expansion received a sudden check. The imports at the South African ports in 1896 amounted to £36,000,000, and the exports to only £19,000,000. As capital ceased to flow in the balance could only be settled by shipments of specie, which began in the spring and continued at the rate of $4,000,000 a year. The rinderpest, in spite of quarantine regulations, at last invaded the colony. The railroads still paid 84 per cent. in 1896, and the Government felt justified in extending the system. By an agreement with Mr. Rhodes, the Cape Government obtained the exclusive right to work all railroads in Rhodesia, with the exception of the Beira road, for three years, with the option of four years more. A railroad convention was concluded whereby the Orange Free State took over the lines built within its borders of the Cape Government. In the Parliament, which began its session on April 2, bills were introduced to amend the mining laws, to encourage the development of the resources of the country, to promote public health, to amend the lunacy law, and to give greater responsibility to communities for the support of education and grant more liberal aid toward the maintenance of certain public schools. The customs union act was ratified. The scab act was extended to the Transkei, and opposition to the measure was diminishing throughout the colony. On April 15 Mr. Du Toit, President of the Afrikander Bond, moved a resolution deprecating war between European peoples, expressing the conviction that peace can best be attained by the faithful and reciprocal observance of all obligations under treaties and conventions, and suggesting that means should be devised to obtain a settlement of any differences arising as to the interpretation of those obligations, so that by the adoption of a policy of moderation, mutual conciliation, and fairness the peace of South Africa might be secured. Mr. RoseInness, leader of the regular Opposition, presented as an amendment a moderate declaration of imperial policy and a demand for the redress of the grievances of the Uitlanders in the Transvaal. In the end the Bond resolution was adopted by 41 votes to 32, but with an amendment deprecating the intervention of any foreign powers in disputes between the Imperial Government and the South African Republic. In the Legislative Council this resolution in the interest of peace in South Africa and noninterference in the affairs of the Boer Republic was carried by a two-third majority. A few days later Mr. Merriman, representing the friends of the Transvaal Government, offered a motion of no confidence in the Government. Although Mr. RoseInness and 14 of his party now voted with the extreme Dutch party, most of his English followers supported the ministry, and 8 members of the Progressive Dutch party also stood by the Government. The result was a tie vote of 36 votes on each side, and the speaker gave his casting vote to retain the Government in office. Mr. Rose-Inness then resigned as leader of the Opposition, taking, with his immediate supporters, an independent position, while the Dutch party, which for years under Mr. Hofmeyr's lead, had been able to control legislation and dictate policies by giving or withholding its vote, became the regular Opposition under the leadership of Mr. Sauer. The Assembly resolved to limit the introduction of undesirable immigrants. A bill was carried giving licensing boards power to prohibit the sale of liquor to natives, but it was thrown out by the Legislative Council. The surplus revenue for the past year was £500,000, and for the coming one Sir J. Gordon Sprigg estimated a revenue of £6,715,000 and an expenditure of £6,488,000, leaving a surplus of £227,000. He asked that the whole surplus be reserved for the extinction of the rinderpest, which had already consumed £667,000. The cost of suppressing the Bechuanaland revolt was estimated at £95,000. A resolution was passed authorizing the Prime Minister, who was about to depart for England to represent the colony in the diamond jubilee, to take provisional steps to arrange some basis of contribution by the colony toward the imperial navy. Accordingly, Sir J. Gordon Sprigg offered the gift on the part of Cape Colony, subject to ratification by the Cape Assembly. of the cost of a first-class battle ship to be added to the British navy without conditions. Basutoland. The native territory of Basutoland, lying between Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange Free State, has been administered by a Resident Commissioner under the direction of the High Commissioner for South Africa since March 13, 1884. The area is estimated at 10,293 square miles, and the population at 250,000. European settlement on the land is prohibited. There are 99 Europeans in Maseru, the chief town. The natives raise wool, wheat, mealies, and Kaffir corn, and have many horses and cattle. The exports, consisting of grain, cattle, and wool, were valued at £139,500 in 1896. The revenue is derived from a hut tax of 108., trading licenses, and the post office, and is supplemented by a contribution of £18,000 from Cape Colony. The whole amount was £45,653 in 1896, and the expenditures amounted to £42,970. The Resident Commissioner is G. Y. Langden. Kaffir Disturbances.-As soon as the Cape mounted rifles departed from Bechuanaland a body of armed and mounted natives collected at Umzimkulu and presented their demands to the magis trate. When the unruly chief at the head of the movement was arrested, the natives assembled at Kokstad to discuss a plan of action, while the whites and trusty natives guarded the magazine, and a force of Cape mounted rifles was dispatched to the spot from the south. The threatened disturbance was thus averted. On June 21 the Cape Assembly passed a bill under which a disobedient chief or any dangerous white can be arrested by proclamation. The followers of Sigcau in Pondoland became restless and insubordinate, and in Basutoland serious troubles were threatened. Tribal quarrels had resulted in bloodshed, and the contending chiefs were accordingly summoned by the Resident Commissioner, Sir Godfrey Langden, to appear before him. One chief refused to attend, but ultimately appeared with an imposing cavalcade of followers. Bechuanaland Protectorate.-The area of the Bechuanaland Protectorate is about 386,200 square miles. When British Bechuanaland was annexed to Cape Colony in November, 1895, new arrangements were made for the government of the protectorate. The chiefs Khama, Sebele, and Bathoen rule their respective tribes under the supervision of a resident commissioner. The chiefs receive the hut tax. Outside of the boundaries fixed for them the administration was committed to the British South Africa Company. The natives are peaceable and industrious, devoting themselves to agriculture and the rearing of cattle. The Resident Commissioner is F. J. Newton. Native Rebellion.-The natives of the British Bechuanaland reserve, reduced to a deplorable condition by locust plagues, rinderpest, and other disasters, persuaded themselves, or were persuaded, as they afterward said, by a Boer intriguer named Bosman, who was, however, fully exculpated by his Government after an investigation, that the Cape Government intended to take their lands, which the annexation act of 1895 declared should not be alienated or in any way diverted from the purposes for which they were set apart. The forcible killing of their cattle, as a precaution against the spread of the rinderpest, they were led to believe was nothing but a device for wiping out the people. The relaxation of the liquor regulations and other actions tolerated by the Cape Government strengthened their suspicion that they were to be got rid of in order to hand over their lands to white settlers. Rendered desperate by distress and this belief in their impending doom, they began to plunder the outlying farms, and committed several murders, and soon the tribes concerned in these outrages found themselves in open rebellion against the Government. This movement spread till it involved about one seventh of the Bechuana nation. First, in December, 1896, the chief Galishwe, in the Taungs reserve of British Bechuanaland, revolted. His tribe numbered 2,000 fighting men, and against them were sent 165 Cape police, 384 mounted riflemen from Kimberley, and 400 Cape volunteers, while the burghers of the disturbed district defended themselves. Lukas Jantje's followers joined the rebels, who murdered several settlers and storekeepMolalla, who disputed the supremacy with Galishwe, offered his aid to the Government, while Tooti and the rest of the Batlaros tribe joined the rebellion and committed outrages southwest of Vryburg. These natives, who had never been troublesome before, were quickly defeated by a strong force of burghers and volunteers. The natives of East Griqualand also became restless, and the farmers throughout these regions placed their families in security and went into laager. A field force was organized at the Cape, but volunteers were not summoned from the eastern districts, for there also there was danger of native disaffection. Meanwhile Galishwe's following increased largely. The colonial force, numbering 1,067 men, advanced on his position in Langeberg, toward the end of March, ers. in three columns. Lukas Jantje's village of Gamasiep, at the foot of the mountains, was burned by Col. Dalgety's column, and the kraals of the whole district were destroyed and the natives driven into the mountains in order to starve the rebels into surrender. The rebel chief Toto's stronghold was captured on May 10. The rebels in the mountains were short of food, but they still held out. Galishwe's position was once surrounded, but he slipped out with his followers and escaped northward. In June a larger expedition was organized for the purpose of a simultaneous advance on the five kloofs in Langeberg held by Galishwe, Toto, and Lukas Jantje. The re-enforcements consisted of 600 Cape volunteers, 400 of the Cape mounted rifles, and 400 natives. The burgher force of 500 men, operating with the troops already in the field, was disbanded as being unfit for this kind of warfare, some of them having fired on friendly natives. Active operations were not begun till late in July. The field force attacked Langeberg at all five points, the principal attack being on Galishwe's town. Gamasiep and Gamaluce were taken. Lukas Jantje was killed, and Dokwe, his successor, surrendered. The commander of a corps from Cape Town was afterward punished for having the head of the chief Lucas Jantje cut off for the purpose of presenting the skull to a museum. Galishwe was wounded, but escaped. Twaai's kloof, to which the rebels retreated in confusion, was stormed on Aug. 1. Toto surrendered unconditionally. The mountain column, 1,000 strong, marched upon Puduhusche, the last stronghold in Langeberg, and found it deserted. Galishwe was captured after several weeks and placed on trial at Kimberley. Sir Gordon Sprigg brought in a bill to confiscate the land of the rebellious Bechuanas and devote it to European occupation, collecting the natives into three locations small enough to enable the Government to keep them under supervision. The bill was passed on June 10. The area taken from the natives was 483,000 acres, about one sixth of the Bechuanaland reserves, with a population of about 8.000 out of the total native population of 57,000. After the rebellion was crushed by the storming of Langeberg, the Government made provision for the Bechuanas, who were likely to starve in their own country, having lost everything in consequence of the rinderpest and the failure of the crops. It was decided to place them as indentured laborers with Cape farmers to work for stipulated wages. Government agents were to visit the farms to see that the men were treated humanely. The rebels had in many instances surrendered on condition that they be allowed to return to their homes. The Government of Cape Colony, however, resolved that there should be no more wars in Bechuanaland, decided to deport the population of the disturbed district. Several thousands were carried off to the south and distributed among the farmers on five years' contracts with wages at the rate of 108. a month for able-bodied men. Philanthropic societies in England protested against this form of veiled slavery as a violation of the emancipation act of 1834. German Southwest Africa.-The German protectorate, extending 930 miles along the coast and inland to 20° of east longitude in the south and 21° north of 22° of south latitude, with a strip running along the Chobe river down to the Zambesi north of 18 of latitude, has an estimated area of 320,000 square miles and a population of 200.000 Hottentots, Bushmen, Damaras, and Kaffirs. The white population in 1896 was 2.025. The Imperial Commissioner is Major Leutwein. The revenue for 1895, including an imperial contribution of 1,000,000 marks, was 1,027,740 marks. The expenditure was 2,457,580 marks. The budget for 1898 makes the revenue 3,015,000, and the expenditure 3,565,000 marks. The imports by sea in 1894 were valued at 944,695 marks; exports, 106,833 marks. The trade overland is much greater. A harbor is being built at Swakop river, north of the English port of Walfisch Bay, which is now the only practicable harbor. Copper and gold have been found, but they have not yet been worked with profit. The natives raise large herds of cattle in Damaraland. Sheep and native goats are bred also. The native risings in Bechuanaland and other British territories stirred the warlike spirit of the Hottentots of Damaraland. On July 5 a band of 200 in a well-fortified kloof repelled a German force near the British border. Early in August the Germans attacked the position with artillery and dispersed the rebels. Their leader, Keviedo Afrikander, fled into British territory, where he was arrested in September. The Government, by means of disciplinary and other measures, endeavored to prevent the entrance of the rinderpest, but in 1897 it swept through German Southwest Africa with disastrous effect. The dearth of cattle determined the Government to build light railroads on which the cars will be drawn by mules, hundreds of which were imported for the purpose from the Argentine Republic. A harbor is to be constructed at the mouth of the Swakop river that will render the Germans independent of Walfisch Bay, and from the new port to Windhock, the capital, a line of railroad will be built. Natal. The Constitution of 1893 vests the legislative power in a Legislative Council of 11 members appointed for ten years, half being replaced every five years, and a Legislative Assembly of 37 members, elected for four years by voters qualified by possessing real property of the value of £50, or paying £10 rent, or having an income of £96. The number of electors in 1896 was 9,483. The assent of the Governor, revocable within two years, is required before any bill can become law. The Governor is Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson, appointed in 1893. The ministers at the beginning of 1897 were: Premier and Colonial Secretary and Minister of Education, Sir John Robinson; Åttorney-General, Harry Escombe; Treasurer, G. M. Sutton; Minister of Native Affairs, F. R. Moor; Minister of Lands and Works, T. K. Murray. Area and Population.-The area of Natal is estimated at 20,461 square miles. The population in 1891 was 543,913, consisting of 46,788 Europeans, 41,142 Indians, and 455,983 Kaffirs. Durban, the capital, had a population of 27,984 in 1894. The attendance in the aided and inspected schools for whites in 1896 was 7,840, and about 2,000 children attend private schools. About 96 per cent. of the white children receive instruction." The Government expenditure on education in 1896 was £41,000. The native schools have an attendance of 6,790 and receive £5,200 from the Government, which granted £1,825 to Indian schools with a daily attendance of 2,919 scholars. Finances. The revenue of the colony from ordinary sources in the year ending June 30, 1895, was £1,169,780, of which £536,409 came from railroads, £189.926 from customs, £20,349 from excise, £45,320 from land sales, £54.729 from the post office, £15,767 from telegraphs, £23.997 from stamps and licenses, and £84,868 from the nativehut tax. The total expenditure was £1,148,093, of which £303,176 represent railroad expenses, £64,796 public works, and £116,234 defense. The expenditure from loans was £147.487. The public debt on June 30, 1895, was £8,054,343. There is a body of 259 European mounted police, the cost of which and of the jails of the colony was £78,830 |