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against rebellion and resisting every temptation of family and friends to swerve them from their devotion to the Union. When the war was ended many of the graduates of West Point had won the highest military fame, all had gained honorable distinction, and none had lost his integrity."

The Staff.-The Military Academy is in charge of a superintendent, who directs the studies and exercises, has command over all persons belonging to the academy, and commands the military post. The present superintendent is Col. Oswald H. Ernst, a graduate of the class of 1864, lieutenant colonel, corps of engineers.

By act of Congress, there is a board of visitors of twelve members, charged with the duties of advisory supervision. Seven of the number are chosen by the President of the United States, with due regard to State representation; two are appointed by the president of the Senate, and three are chosen by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

The military staff of the academy consists of (1) an adjutant, who is also adjutant of the post, recruiting officer, commander of the band and of field music; (2) treasurer of the academy, who is also quartermaster and commissary of cadets; (3) quartermaster of the academy, who is also disbursing officer (4) assistant to the quartermaster, who is also officer of police; (5) commissary and treasurer, in charge of post exchange; (6) surgeon; (7, 8) two assistant surgeons.

The academic departments and staff are as follow: Tactics.-Commandant of cadets, who is also instructor of tactics and is charged with the discipline and administration, and commands the battalions; 3 senior instructors for cavalry, artillery, and infantry tactics respectively, and 4 assistant in

structors.

Civil and Military Engineering.-One professor, 1 assistant professor, and 2 instructors.

Natural and Experimental Philosophy.-One professor, 1 assistant professor, 2 instructors, and 2 officers in charge of the observatory and astronomical observations.

Mathematics.-One professor, 1 associate and 1 assistant professor, and 7 instructors.

Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology.-One professor, 1 assistant, and 3 instructors.

Drawing.-One professor, 1 assistant professor, and 2 instructors.

Modern Languages.-One professor, 1 assistant professor of Spanish, 1 assistant professor of French, and 5 instructors.

Law and History.-One professor, 1 assistant professor, and 3 instructors.

Practical Military Engineering, Military Signaling and Telegraphy.-One instructor and 1 assistant instructor.

Ordnance and Gunnery.-One instructor and 2 assistant instructors.

There is also a chaplain, a master of the sword, and a teacher of music.

The entire staff embraces 57 army officers and 9 civilians holding assimilated army rank. Professors whose service at the academy as professor exceeds ten years have the assimilated rank of colonel, and all other professors the assimilated rank of lieutenant colonel.

Organization.-For instruction in infantry tactics and in military police and discipline, the cadets are organized into a battalion of four companies under the commandant of cadets. Each company is commanded by an officer of the army. The officers and noncommissioned officers are selected from those cadets who have been most studious, soldierlike in the performance of their duties, and most exemplary in their general deportment. In

general, the officers are taken from the first class, the sergeants from the second class, and the corporals from the third class.

The cadets are arranged in four distinct classes, corresponding with the four years of study. The cadets employed on the first year's course constitute the fourth class; those on the second year's course, the third class; those on the third year's course, the second class; and those on the fourth year's course, the first class.

The academic year begins July 1. On or before that date the result of the examination held in the preceding month is announced, and cadets are advanced from one class to another. At no other time is a cadet advanced from one class to another, unless prevented by sickness or authorized absence from attending at the examination, in which case a special examination is granted him ; but in no case can a cadet be advanced from one class to another without having passed a satisfactory examination by the academic board.

Studies. The course may be summarized as follows:

First year: Mathematics; English and French; infantry and artillery drill; use of the sword and bayonet and other military exercises. Second year: Mathematics; French and Spanish; drawing, including topography; infantry, artillery, and cavalry drill; target practice; practical military engineering. Third year: Philosophy; chemistry, mineralogy, and geology; drawing; drills for all branches of all arms; practical military engineering, including signaling. Fourth year: Civil and military engineering and science of war; law, constitutional, military, and international; history and historical geography; practical military engineering; natural and experimental philosophy; drill regulations; ordnance and gunnery.

Regulations. The official day at the Military Academy is of sixteen hours' duration. No cadet, as a rule, has more than two distinct studies per day in which recitations are to be prepared. These two studies call for six hours of severe mental application for preparation and two and a half hours in the recitation room. Three hours are allowed for meals and recreation, and four and a half hours for drills, parade, and guard duty. In winter, when drills are suspended, two hours are available for additional study, exercise in the gymnasium, or

recreation.

Every class is divided into sections of not more than twelve men in each, in the order of their ability as determined at the previous examination. These men are changed according to merits. Marks for recitations are posted every Saturday afternoon for the information of cadets. This publicity creates and maintains healthy ambition and it prevents injustice, because there is a proper time and place set apart for hearing of grievances in thisconnection.

In all battalion formations precedence is according to military rank. In marching to recitations, class standing determines the relative rank. Every subdivision in barracks has its cadet inspector. Every room has an orderly, responsible for cleanliness, etc. Authority to order and power to execute are limited to specific duties, times, and places. Under all other conditions cadets are comrades.

Academic duties and exercises begin Sept. 1 and continue until about June 30. Examinations of the several classes are held in January and June, and at the former such of the new cadets as are found proficient in studies and have been correct in conduct are given the standing in their class to which their merit entitles them. After either examination cadets found deficient in conduct or studies. are discharged, with rare exceptions.

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Discipline. "The first three months' service at the academy," says Michie, "are the most trying of all. The new life and surroundings, the severe physical exercise, the unwonted muscular soreness, the multitudinous duties, orders, and regulations that are to be learned and obeyed, do not make the life of the new cadet particularly enjoyable. The first lessons in military subordination are learned when one constrains himself to repress the stinging retort in response to the peremptory command, and obeys the order promptly and without question.

"The steady goer, the patient plodder, the indefatigable student, is certain of success; but the fitful worker, the careless trifler, or the indifferent scholar soon finds that his military career is ended. Discipline is very strict--more so than in the army. The aim is to inculcate habits of prompt and cheerful obedience to lawful authority, of neatness, order, and regularity, and of thoughtfulness and attention in the discharge of duty. A scrupulous regard for one's word is also required. The system of punishment for offenses is remarkable for inflexible enforcement rather than for severity. Besides demerit marks, which count in making up the class standing, cadets are liable to three classes of punishment: (1) Privation of recreation, etc., extra duty, reprimands, arrests, or confinement to room or tent, or in the light prison, reduction to ranks of officers and noncommissioned officers; (2) Confinement in the dark prison; (3) Suspension, dismission with the privilege of resigning, public dismission." The age for admission is between seventeen and twenty-two years. Sons of those who have lost their lives in the defense of the nation have preference. The oath taken on entering is as follows: "I do solemnly swear that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and bear true allegiance to the National Government; that I will maintain and defend the sovereignty of the United States paramount to any and all allegiance, sovereignty, or fealty I may owe to any state or country whatsoever; and that I will at all times obey the legal orders of my superior officers, and the rules and articles governing the armies of the United States." Pay and Expenses.-The pay of a cadet is $540 a year, to begin with his admission, and is sufficient, with proper economy, for his support. No cadet is permitted to receive money, or any other supplies, from his parents or from any person whatsoever, without the sanction of the superintendent.

The expenses of the candidate for board, washing, lights, etc., prior to admission, will be about $5 a week, and immediately after being admitted as a cadet he must be provided with an outfit of uniforms, etc., the cost of which is about $90. “If, on arrival," says Gen. Michie, "he has the necessary sum to his credit on the books of the treasurer, he will start with many advantages in a pecuniary point of view over those whose means are more limited, and who must, if they arrive, as many do, totally unprovided in this way, go in debt on the credit of their pay-a burden from which it will require many months to free themselves; while, if any accident compel them to leave the academy, they must of necessity be in a destitute condition." Qualifications.-A sound body and constitution, suitable preparation, good natural capacity, an aptitude for study, industrious habits, perseverance, an obedient and orderly disposition, and a correct moral deportment are such essential qualifications that candidates who are knowingly deficient in any of these respects should not subject themselves and their friends to mortification by accepting appointments at the academy and entering upon a career which they can not successfully pursue.

Appointments.-Each congressional district and Territory-also the District of Columbia-is

entitled to have one cadet at the Academy. Ten are also appointed at large. The appointments (except those at large) are made by the Secretary of War at the request of the Representative, or Delegate, in Congress from the district or Territory; and the person appointed must be an actual resident of the district or Territory from which the appointment is made. The appointments at large are specially conferred by the President of the United States.

Applications can be made at any time, by letter to the Secretary of War, to have the name of the applicant placed upon the register that it may be furnished to the proper Representative, or Delegate, when a vacancy occurs. The application must exhibit the full name, date of birth, and permanent abode of the applicant, with the number of the congressional district where he has his residence. Appointments are required by law to be made one year in advance of the date of admission, except in cases where, by reason of death or other cause, a vacancy occurs which can not be provided for by such appointment in advance. These vacancies are filled in time for the next examination.

The Representative, or Delegate, in Congress may nominate a legally qualified second candidate, to be designated the alternate. The alternate will receive from the War Department a letter of appointment, and will be examined with the regular appointee, and if duly qualified will be admitted to the academy in the event of the failure of the principal to pass the prescribed preliminary examinations. The alternate will not be allowed to defer his reporting at West Point until the result of the examination of the regular appointee is known, but must report at the time designated in his letter of appointment. The alternate, like the nominee, should be designated as nearly one year in advance of date of admission as possible.

UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY. The United States Naval Academy is at Annapolis, Md., on the right bank of the Severn, two miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. It is 25 miles south by east of Baltimore and 37 miles east by north of Washington. The site and immediate neighborhood of the Naval Academy is historic ground. The Puritan refugees from Massachusetts under Durand settled at that place in 1649 and called it Providence. Not long afterward the name was changed to Anne Arundel Town, but subsequently it was renamed Providence, and, later, Annapolis, in honor of Anne of England. In a religious conflict between Protestants and Roman Catholics in its early history, Annapolis, then Providence, became the headquarters of the former. In 1694 Providence became the capital of Maryland, and it so remained after the final change of name.

On April 14, 1755, Gen. Braddock and Commodore Keppel, with five colonial governors, held a congress at Annapolis. At this meeting the two English officers discovered the inability of colonial officials to raise a British revenue in America for the use of the mother country. The policy of force was advocated by the congress and recommendations to that end were resolved upon before its adjournment. On Oct. 15, 1774, a vessel loaded with taxed tea, on which the duty had been paid by the owner, entered the port of Annapolis. The people became excited, declared that the ship and her cargo should be burned, and insisted with so much vigor that the owner was compelled to run the ship ashore and destroy it with its contents. On July 26, 1775, a convention at Annapolis formed a temporary government "which, recognizing the Continental Congress as invested with a general supervision of public affairs, managed its own internal affairs through a provincial committee of

safety and subordinate executive committees, appointed in every county, parish, or hundred." At the close of the Revolution Maryland offered to cede Annapolis to the General Government as the Federal capital. During the negotiation for a permanent site it was resolved in 1783 that Congress should meet alternately at Annapolis and Trenton, the first session to be held at Annapolis. At this session Washington surrendered his commission as commander in chief, Dec. 23, 1783.

History. The Naval Academy was founded at Annapolis in 1845 by the Hon. George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy in President Polk's administration. It was opened on Oct. 10, 1845, under the name of the Naval School. Its site had been occupied by Fort Severn. The course was fixed at five years, of which only the first and last were spent at the school, the intervening three years being passed at sea. In January, 1846, there were 56 cadets. Under a reorganization plan that was put into operation four years later the course was extended to seven years, the first two and the last two years being spent at school and the intermediate years at sea. A vessel was attached to the academy as a practice ship, and annual practice cruises were begun. After eighteen months' trial of the second plan the intermediate three years at sea was stricken from the course, making it four consecutive years of study, with a practice cruise to take the place of sea service.

When the civil war broke out in the spring of 1861, the academy was removed to Newport, R. I., but in the summer of 1865 it was returned to Annapolis, where it has since remained. By an act of Congress, March 3, 1873, the course was changed from four years to six years. The present regulation provides for four years at the academy and two years at sea. From 1866 to 1882 classes were formed and instructed especially in engineering, Two acts of Congress, passed August, 1882, and March 2, 1889, authorized many changes and practically placed the academy on its present footing.

Appointments.—One naval cadet is allowed for each member or Delegate of the United States House of Representatives, 1 for the District of Columbia, and 10 at large. The appointment of cadets at large and for the District of Columbia is made by the President. The Secretary of the Navy, as soon after March 5 in each year as possible, must notify in writing each member and Delegate of the House of Representatives of any vacancy that may exist in his district. The nomination of a candidate to fill the vacancy is made, on the recommendation of the member or Delegate, by the Secretary. Candidates must be actual residents of the districts from which they are nominated, and at the time of their examination for admission must be not under fifteen nor over twenty years of age and physically sound, well formed, and of robust condition. They enter the academy immediately after passing the prescribed examinations, and are required to sign articles binding themselves to serve in the United States navy eight years (including the time of probation at the Naval Academy), unless sooner discharged. The pay of a naval cadet is $500 a year, beginning at the date of admission. Surplus graduates who do not receive appointments are given a certificate of graduation, an honorable discharge, and one year's sea pay.

The Staff-The general staff consists of (1) a superintendent and 2 assistants, 1 in charge of buildings and grounds, the other acting as secretary of the Academic Board; (2) commandant of cadets and head of department of discipline, with 4 assistants. The present superintendent is Capt. P. H. Cooper. The several departments of academic and

other instruction are thus divided:

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Drawing.-Head of department and 3 assistants. Naval Construction.-One instructor.

Physical Training.-One director and instructor. The officers not attached to the academic staff are: A commander in charge of ships, 3 medical officers, a pay officer and general storekeeper, a commissary and cadet's storekeeper, a chaplain, a librarian and assistant librarian, a secretary, 2 marine officers, and 5 marine petty officers. The Academic Board consists of the superintendent, commandant of cadets, and the heads of departments of seamanship, ordnance, navigation, steam engineering, mechanics, physics, mathematics, English, languages, and drawing. The Board of Visitors includes a president, vice-president, 2 United States' Senators, 2 members of the House of Representatives, and 6 citizens of States.

The cadet officers include a lieutenant commander, lieutenant and adjutant, chief petty officer, passed assistant engineer, assistant engineer, 4 lieutenants, 4 junior lieutenants, 4 ensigns, 12 petty officers of the first class and 12 of the second class.

Including marine officers, the total of naval officers engaged in the instruction of cadets at the Naval Academy, 1897-'98, is 64, including 1 captain (the superintendent), 6 commanders, 2 lieutenant commanders, 29 lieutenants, and 9 ensigns. The number of civilian professors having that distinctive title is 11.

Classification of Cadets.-According to the last annual report, the classes of the naval cadets at the beginning of the academic year, 1897-'98 corrected to Oct. 2, 1897, were distributed as follow: 1. Naval cadets of the class appointed in 1892 performing required service afloat-line division, 25; engineer division, 12. 2. Of the class appointed in 1893 performing required service afloat-line, 37; engineer, 10. 3. Naval cadets of the first class-line, 28; engineer, 11. 4. Of the second class, 55. 5. Of the third class, 71. 6. Of the fourth class, 94. A summary of cadets actually at the academy October, 1897, shows the following result: First class, 39; second class, 55; third class, 71; fourth class, 94; total, 259. At the academy, but not included in the usual totals, were 3 cadets pursuing the post-graduate course of naval construction.

Studies. Full details under this heading can be found in the reports and annual Naval Academy registers, always to be had on application to the superintendent. Briefly, the courses of the several classes embrace the following topics: Fourth Class. -First term of first year of study: mathematicsalgebra, geometry; English-language, history; language-French. Second term: mathematicsalgebra, geometry; English-language, history; languages-French, Spanish. Third Class.-First term of second year of study: mathematicsgeometry, trigonometry: English-language, law; languages-French, Spanish; mechanical drawing. Second term: physics-physics, chemistry; mathe

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