ford, 135). Other examples are keep right on, lay not up for yourselves treasures (King James Bible, Matt. 6:19).

In a few instances the impersonal pronoun it intervenes, but is itself so colorless that the unity of the verb-adverb combination is hardly affected at all. This is true of such expressions as to come it over (someone), to hit it up 'to hasten,' to hit it off 'to agree,' to stick it out 'to persevere,' to whoop it up, etc.

5. As has already been noted, the English verb-adverb combination is frequently synonymous with, or nearly synonymous with, a Romanic verb. A careful examination of a fairly generous number of these equivalents brings into prominence the fact that the English combination is sometimes a mere translation of the idea of the Latin verb, but at other times it attempts to reproduce by its two elements the stem and prefix of a Latin compound verb, and at other times it is even a figurative reproduction of some Latin verb.

In the first group might be placed such combinations as:

In a second group are those which show a fairly good translation of the Latin basic verb but not always so good a reproduction of the prefix,

And, finally, some verb-adverb combinations express in a figurative and often more picturesque way the idea expressed rather more tamely by

It is to the somewhat showy, because figurative, . combinations of this third group that the strongest objection is made by the purist.

6. Occasionally the verb-combination comprises two adverbial particles instead of just one. So one finds :

catch up with 'to overtake'
fall in with 'to accept'
get on with 'to harmonize'
get thru with 'to finish'

go in for 'to study, cultivate'
go over to 'to join'

keep on with 'to continue'

put up with 'to tolerate'

sneak up on 'to approach stealthily' stand up for 'to defend'

stick up for 'to defend'

Of course, it may be argued that the second particle is a preposition governing the following substantive. But because the entire phrase can be translated by a single, simple verb, and because the entire phrase functions as a single verb, there is a certain amount of justification for treating the above-named combinations as double combinations.

SECTION VI. BEGINNINGS AND CAUSES OF COMBINATION

While I have little doubt that these combinations of special meaning were at the outset largely figurative, as I have already stated, I feel equally certain that the growth of the tendency to form them is due in great measure to four quite different causes. In many instances a desire to strengthen or emphasize the idea expressed by a simple verb causes the speaker to add such a particle as out or up, as, for example, in the expressions stretch out, pay up, etc. Then, again, the desire to vary the expression of an idea leads to the combination of other verbs of similar meaning with the same particle. Several combinations having similar meanings. develop, and after these have come to be regarded as more or less of a category, new combinations are formed by analogy, or as one might term it, by a sort of categorical influence. So for add up one may say count up, figure up, foot up, reckon up or sum up; for hand over it is possible to substitute fork over, pass over or pony over; for doctor up, dope up or dose up; for link up, connect up or join up; for hoard up, lay up, save up or treasure up. Again, as I have suggested above, a desire for a certain rhythmic effect in our speech seems to be responsible for the introduction of a particle of different stress after a monosyllabic verb. How far this is true it is difficult to determine, but in certain combinations such as slow up, hush up, lead off, look out, it would seem that the particle is added to make of the verb a sort of trochee. And, finally, mere linguistic laziness seems to be responsible for the popularity of many of these combinations. It is so much easier to combine a dozen or fifteen well-known prepositional-adverbs with the simpler and more familiar verbs than it is to keep in mind a special polysyllabic verb for each different concept. There is little doubt which, of the following pairs of verbs, the average speaker would choose:

Much of the difference, indeed, between the speech of the majority of those who pretend to be fairly well educated and of the few who take a real pride in the precision and dignity of their English lies in the use, on

It is to the somewhat showy, because figurative,, combi third group that the strongest objection is made by the pu 6. Occasionally the verb-combination comprises two ticles instead of just one. So one finds:

Of course, it may be argued that the second particle governing the following substantive. But because the be translated by a single, simple verb, and because the en tions as a single verb, there is a certain amount of justific the above-named combinations as double combinations.