and Schlytern have been charged with the publication of a collection of the ancient Swedish laws, printed at the expense of the government.

The fine arts have long been cultivated with success. The academy of painting and sculpture at Stockholm, which Gustavus III. enlarged and remodelled, has contributed, by its annual exhibitions and prizes, to stimulate the national taste for these elegant pursuits. Among its most distinguished members was the celebrated Sergell, esteemed one of the first-rate sculptors in Europe at the close of last century. The number of eminent painters connected with that institution is very considerable. Breda, Lafrensen, Martin, Belanger, Deprez, Vestmuller, Gillberg, De Geer, and Skioldebrand, have produced works of no small merit. Among several artists of distinction that deserve notice are Vestin, Lindbrog, and Fahlcrantz; the former an historical, and the two latter landscape painters. Goethe, Bystroem, and Fogelberg, excel as sculptors; the last has executed an admirable statue of Odin; and the first an exceedingly correct one of his present majesty Charles XIV.

No country in the world is better provided with elementary seminaries, and other means of instruction, than Sweden. Great pains have been taken for the advancement and diffusion of knowledge among all classes of society. Every parish has its school, in which the common rudiments of education are taught. There is scarcely a single individual who cannot read, and extremely few unacquainted with writing and accounts. The gymnasia are institutions upon a larger scale. Most of the provinces have one, which serves as an intermediate step to the universities. They are under the care and inspection of the bishops of the respective dioceses in which they are established; and besides the higher branches of Greek and Roman literature, their course often embraces the oriental tongues, and the leading doctrines of theology. In 1832, the gymnasia, according to Forsell, were attended by 694 pupils; the burgh schools by 1443; the classical by 2934; and the ele

mentary by 4340. There were 837 charity-schools, where 7255 poor children were instructed.

Upsala, the oldest of the Swedish academies, and long the most distinguished seat of northern learning, owed its origin to Sten Sture in 1476; although a seminary of education had been established there by Birger Jarl two centuries earlier. It was enlarged by Gustavus Wasa, and enriched by the great Adolphus with a gift of his patrimonial estate, besides a valuable collection of books, the precious spoils of the different countries he had overrun with his victorious armies. About a hundred years ago, its venerable halls were crowded by above 2000 students; but from circumstances already adverted to, their numbers suffered considerable diminution, and about the close of the last century they did not much exceed 500. They are again, however, rapidly increasing; and in 1830 they were reckoned at 1453, of whom 153 belonged to the nobility, 334 to the clergy; 212 to the order of peasants and operatives; and 754 to the mercantile and wealthier classes. Of these 336 studied theology, 325 law, 86 medicine, 365 philosophy, and 341 were without any fixed profession; 61 were above 30 years of age, and 392 below 20.* The benefits of a liberal education are not confined to the sons of the nobility and wealthy burgesses alone; they are enjoyed by the children of mechanics and peasants, many of whom, as in Scotland, rise to eminence in one or other of the learned professions. Bursaries, and other funds, are established for assisting poor orphans in their expenses; but there is no accommodation within the walls of the college; the pupils being obliged to lodge in the towns, as is the custom at Edinburgh and Glasgow. The professorships are in the gift of the king, with salaries of £70 or £100 a-year, which leaves the principal support of the teachers to be derived from fees. The chancellor is always a person of the first rank and consequence, and generally a member of the royal family. There are about sixty professors (including their Forsell, p. 303.

assistants), who are constituted into separate faculties. Riding, drawing, music, fencing, and dancing, are admitted into the number of the liberal arts, and have each their appropriate masters. At this seminary the present crown-prince received his education, and resided, while there, in the palace of the archbishop. The buildings are the finest in the city, and contain a library of 60,000 volumes, besides a valuable collection of sagas and other manuscripts, the most celebrated of which is the "Codex Argenteus," containing the four gospels in silver letters,-curious from its great antiquity, and supposed to be a copy of the Gothic translation made by Ulfilas, the apostle of the Goths, in the fourth century. The house, garden, and monument of Linnæus, are still shown to travellers. The most singular deposit here are two sealed chests left by Gustavus III., supposed to contain his correspondence and papers relative to the transactions in which he was engaged. But by the will of the donor, they are not to be opened until fifty years shall have elapsed from the time of his death.

The university of Lund, established in 1666, has about fifty professors, including adjuncts and assistants, constituting five classes or faculties: theology, jurisprudence, medicine, philosophy, and what are called the elegant arts. The number of attendants in 1830 was 632; of whom 26 were sons of noblemen, 165 belonged to the clergy, 143 to the peasantry, and 272 to the other classes; 141 studied theology; 105, law; 56, medicine ; 169, philosophy; and 161, undefined. There are two terms in the year, and the course of education is said to equal that in any British or German seminary. The library contains above 20,000 volumes; and there is a botanical garden, but of no great celebrity.

Stockholm, though not the seat of a university, abounds with learned institutions, some of which have already been mentioned. There is a Royal College of Medicine, to which are attached a library, an anatomical theatre, and a lying-in hospital; while mineralogy, veterinary surgery, and political economy, are each provided with establishments. The Royal Library, which is open