ANCIENT AND MODERN; BEING A HISTORY OF DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND NORWAY: COMPREHENDING A DESCRIPTION OF THESE COUNTRIES; AN ACCOUNT OF THE MYTHOLOGY, GOVERNMENT, LAWS, MANNERS, AND WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THEIR NATURAL HISTORY. BY ANDREW CRICHTON, LL. D., Author of the History of Arabia, &c.; AND HENRY WHEATON, LL.D., Author of the History of the Northmen, &c., Honorary Member of the Scandinavian and Icelandic WITH A MAP, AND TWELVE ENGRAVINGS BY JACKSON. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. SECOND EDITION. EDINBURGH : OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT; MDCCCXXXVIII. Scan 103.1 A HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY 1874, if priil 28. Non. Charies Sumner, [ENTERED IN STATIONERS' HALL.] Printed by Oliver & Boyd, 37-99 CONTENTS OF VOL. II. CHAPTER I. FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. New Epoch in Scandinavian History-The Throne of Sweden made .. Page 13 ....... CHAPTER II. FROM THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR TO THE DANISH The Thirty Years' War-Its Causes and Progress-Christian IV. Wallenstein and Tilly-Invasion of Denmark by the Catholic Troops-Ambitious Views of Ferdinand II. and Wallenstein- Peace between Austria and Denmark-Gustavus Adolphus elect- ed Commander of the combined Protestant Forces-His Departure for Germany-Successful Opening of the Campaign-Defeat of Tilly at Leipsig-Victories of the Swedes on the Rhine-Passage of the Lech and Death of Tilly-Restoration of Wallenstein-Siege of Nuremberg-Battle of Lutzen and Death of Gustavus-Pro- secution of the War-Peace of Westphalia-War between Sweden and Denmark-Naval Engagements-Peace of Broms- bro-Death and Character of Christian IV.-His Efforts to pro- mote Trade and Navigation-State of Affairs at the Accession of Frederick III.-Abdication of Christina of Sweden-Her Pretensions to Literature-Charles X. invades Poland-Den- mark embarks in the War-Peace of Roskilde-Final Cession of the Danish Provinces beyond the Sound-Death of Charles Accession of Christian V.-War with Sweden-Successes of the Danes in Pomerania-Defeat of the Swedish Fleet-Battle of Lund-Hostilities in Norway-Peace of Nimeguen-Treaty of Fontainebleau-Tranquillity of the North-Changes in the Con- stitution and Government in Sweden-The King made absolute --Accession of Charles XII.-Sudden Change in his Character— Hostilities with Denmark-Peace of Travendhal-Charles at- tacks and defeats the Russians-His Invasion of Poland-Battle of Pultusk-Subjugation of the entire Kingdom-Augustus de- posed-Execution of Count Patkul-Power and Celebrity of the Swedish Hero-His Project of dethroning the Czar Peter the Great-Invasion of Russia- Difficulties and declining Fortunes of Charles-He is defeated at Pultowa, and takes Refuge in the |