10. Powers of each house.

A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business. Each house shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, and be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members; shall choose its own officers; and the Senate shall choose a temporary president to preside in case of the absence or impeachment of the Lieutenant-Governor, or when he shall refuse to act as president, or shall act as Governor. Const. 1846, art. III, § 10.

§ 11. Journals; open sessions; adjournments.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 11.

§ 12. Members not to be questioned for speeches. For any speech or debate in either house of the Legislature, the members shall not be questioned in any other place.

Const. 1846, art. III. § 12.

13. Bills may originate in either house.

Any bill may originate in either house of the Legislature, and all bills passed by one house may be amended by the other. Const. 1846, art. III, § 13.

14. Enacting clause of bills.

The enacting clause of all bills shall be "The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows," and no law shall be enacted except by bill.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 14.

15. Manner of passing bills.

No bill shall be passed or become a law unless it shall have been printed and upon the desks of the members, in its final form. at least three calendar legislative days prior to its final passage, unless the Governor, or the acting Governor, shall have certified to the necessity of its immediate passage, under his band and the seal of the State; nor shall any bill be passed or become a law, except by the assent of a majority of the members elected to each branch of the Legislature; and upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereof shall be allowed, and the question upon its final passage shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered on the journal.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 15.

§ 16. Private and local bills not to embrace more than one subject.

No private or local bill, which may be passed by the Legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 16.

§ 17. Existing laws made applicable to be inserted. No act shall be passed which shall provide that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be made or deemed a part of said act, or which shall enact that any existing law, or part thereof, shall be applicable, except by inserting it in such ect.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 17.

§ 18. Cases in which private and local bills shall not be passed; restrictions as to laws authorizing street railroads.

The legislature shall not pass a private or local bill in any of the following cases:

Changing the names of persons.

Laying out, opening, altering, working or discontinuing roads, highways or alleys, or for draining swamps or other low lands. Locating or changing county seats.

Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases.
Incorporating villages.

Providing for election of members of boards of supervisors. Selecting, drawing, summoning or impaneling grand or petit jurors.

Regulating the rate of interest on money.

The opening and conducting of elections or designating places of voting.

Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of public officers, during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed.

Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks.

Granting to any private corporation, association or individual any exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever.

Granting to any person, association, firm or corporation an exemption from taxation on real or personal property.

Providing for building bridges, and chartering companies for such purposes, except on the Hudson river below Waterford, and on the East river, or over the waters forming a part of the boundaries of the State.

The Legislature shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumerated in this section, and for all other cases which in its judgment, may be provided for by general laws. But no law shall authorize the construction or operation of a street railroad except upon the condition that the consent of the owners of onehalf in value of the property bounded on, and the consent also of the local authorities having the control of, that portion of a street or highway upon which it is proposed to construct or operate such railroad be first obtained, or in case the consent of such property owners cannot be obtained, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, in the department in which it is proposed to be constructed, may, upon application, appoint three commissioners who shall determine, after a hearing of all parties interested, whether such railroad ought to be constructed or operated, and their determination, confirmed by the court, may be taken in lieu of the consent of the property owners. [As amended in 1901. To take effect Jan. 1, 1902.]

Const. 1846, art. III, § 18, added in 1874.

19. Private claims not to be audited by legislature. The Legislature shall neither audit nor allow any private claim or account against the State, but may appropriate money to pay Fach claims as shall have been audited and allowed according to law.

Const.

1846, art. III, § 19, added in 1874.

20. Two-thirds bills.

The assent of two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the Legislature shall be requisite to every bill appropriating the public moneys or property for local or private purposes.

Const. 1846, art. I, § 9.

21. Appropriation bills.

No money shall ever be paid out of the treasury of this State, or any of its funds, or any of the funds under its management, except in pursuance of an appropriation by law; nor unless such payment be made within two years next after the passage of sach appropriation act; and every such law making a new appropriation, or continuing or reviving an appropriation, shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient for such law to refer to any other law to fix such sum.

Const. 1846, art. VII, § 8.

| 22. Restrictions as to provisions in the appropriation or supply bills.

No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the annual appropriation or supply bill, unless it relates specifically to some particular appropriation in the bill; and any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to such appropriation.

Kew.

23. Certain sections not to apply to commission bills. Sections seventeen and eighteen of this article shall not apply to any bill, or the amendments to any bill, which shall be reported to the Legislature by commissioners who have been appointed pursuant to law to revise the statutes.

Cust. 1845, art. III. 25, added in 1874.

{ 24. Tax bills to state tax distinctly.

Every law which imposes, continues or revives a tax shall distinctly state the tax and the object to which it is to be applied, and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such Tax or object.

Crest. 1646, art. III. 20, added in 1874.

{25. When ayes and nays necessary; three-fifths to constitute quorum.

On the final passage, in either house of the Legislature, of any which imposes, continues or revives a tax, or creates a debt charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of pable er trust money or property, or releases, discharges or comEstes any claim or demand of the State, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, which shall be duly entered upon

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journals, and three-fifths of all the members elected to either house shall, in all such cases, be necessary to constitute a quorum therein.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 21, added in 1874.

§ 26. Board of supervisors.

There shall be in each county, except in a county wholly inIcluded in a city, a board of supervisors, to be composed of such members and elected in such manner and for such period as is or may be provided by law. In a city which includes an entire county, or two or more entire counties, the powers and duties of a board of supervisors may be devolved upon the municipal assembly, common council, board of aldermen or other legislative body of the city. [As amended in 1899.]

Const. 1846, art. III, § 22, added in 1874.

27. Local legislative powers.

The Legislature shall, by general laws, confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the State such further powers of local legislation and administration as the Legislature may, from time to time, deem expedient.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 23, added in 1874.

§ 28. Extra compensation prohibited.

The Legislature shall not, nor shall the common council of any city, nor any board of supervisors, grant any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, agent or contractor.

Const. 1846, art. III, § 24.

§ 29. Prison labor; contract system abolished.

The Legislature shall, by law, provide for the occupation and employment of prisoners sentenced to the several state prisons, penitentiaries, jails and reformatories in the State; and on and after the first day of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, no person in any such prison, penitentiary, jail or reformatory, shall be required or allowed to work, while under sentence thereto, at any trade, industry or occupation, wherein or whereby his work, or the product or profit of his work, shall be farmed out, contracted, given or sold to any person, firm, association or corporation. This section shall not be construed to prevent the Legislature from providing that convicts may work for, and that the products of their labor may be disposed of to, the State or any political division thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State, or any political division thereof.

New.

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2. Qualifications of governor and lieutenant-governer.

3. Election of governor and lieutenant-governor.

4. Duties and powers of governor; compensation.

5. Reprieves, commutations and pardons to be granted by governor. 6. When lieutenant-governor to act as governor.

7. Qualifications and duties of lieutenant-governor; succession to the governorship.

8. Salary of lieutenant-governor.

9. Bills to be presented to governor; approval; passage of bills by legislature if not approved.

§ 1. Executive power.

The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office for two years; a Lieutenant-Governor shall be chosen at the same time, and for the same term. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor elected next preceding the time when this section shall take effect, shall hold office until and including the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, and their successors shall be chosen at the general election in that year.

Const. 1846, art. IV, § 1.

§ 2. Qualifications of governor and lieutenant-governor. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieutenant-Governor, except a citizen of the United States, of the age of not less than thirty years, and who shall have been five years next preceding his election a resident of this State.

Const. 1846, art. IV, § 2.

3. Election of governor and lieutenant-governor. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Assembly. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected; but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor, or for Lieutenant-Governor, the two houses of the Legislature at its next annual session shall forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of the said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor or Lieutenant-Governor. Const. 1846, art. IV, § 3.

4. Duties and powers of governor; compensation. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the military and naval forces of the State. He shall have power to convene the Legislature, or the Senate only, on extraordinary occasions. At extraordinary sessions no subject shall be acted upon, except such as the Governor may recommend for consideration. He shall communicate by message to the Legislature at every session the condition of the State, and recommend such matters to it as he shall judge expedient. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the Legislature, and shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. He shall receive for his services an annual salary of ten thousand