to act upon the advice of Washington, believing that a lack of bravery on the part of the colonists was the only cause of their defeats.

After a long delay, Braddock commenced his march. When near Fort Du Quesne, on the 9th of July, they were surprised by a quick discharge of bullets and arrows from the adjoining thickets. The English army was thrown into confusion, and, not knowing where to fire, expended their ammunition by firing into the air. General Braddock, after having three horses shot under him, was mortally wounded. Washington, although fired at many times, was not touched, so that the Indians regarded him with a superstitious dread.

At the time of the expedition of Braddock against Fort Du Quesne, two others were sent out. One of them was against Niagara and Kingston, under Governor Shirley, and the other against Crown Point, under General William Johnson, both of which, though not as calamitous as that of Braddock, failed to accomplish the end in view.

This war continued, each side alternately gaining advantages, until 1760, when the French were subdued. Articles of peace, however, were not signed until February 10th, 1763.

THE CAROLINAS.

Numerous attempts were made during the sixteenth century to establish settlements in the region called, by the English, South Virginia; the first of which was by the Huguenots, or French Protestants, who had fled from persecution in their own land. They gave to the country the name of Carolina, in honor of the King of France, Charles IX., which name it still retains. This attempt at settlement proved unsuccessful, as did also those made by several expeditions afterwards fitted out by Sir Walter Raleigh, and sent from England. The first permanent settlements in that region were formed by dissatisfied and adventurous colonists from the other American settlements and Barbadoes.

In the year 1663 Charles II., King of England, granted this territory to eight noblemen, and the same country which, in

1562, was named Carolina, in honor of the French king, now, one hundred years afterward, received the same name in honor of the King of England.

The Barbadoes planters came to Carolina in 1665, and established a colony with Sir John Yeamans as governor. In honor of Lord Clarendon, Prime Minister of England, and one of the proprietors, this colony was called the Clarendon County Colony. This colony was established in the northern part of Carolina, and soon became known entirely as North Carolina.

In January, 1670, three vessels bearing emigrants, under the command of Joseph West and William Sayle, were sent out from England by the proprietors, for the purpose of establishing another colony. After settling in two or three places, which they afterwards abandoned, they finally founded a settlement on the site of the present city of Charleston, in the year 1682.

As soon as permanent settlements had been founded in the Carolinas, the proprietors conceived the plan of drawing up a grand constitution for this country, which they confidently hoped would far outstrip any government in Europe. They appointed Lord Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the proprietors, and John Locke, one of the most distinguished philosophers of that time, to frame the instrument. It was finished in March, 1669, and was highly commended in Europe, but when taken to Carolina and tested, it was found to be exceedingly unpractical. The people would not receive it, but preferred laws of their own making. After a long endeavor to render the grand scheme practical in its workings, the proprietors gave up the attempt and permitted the people to rule in their own way. Representative government was first established in 1672, in the southern part of Carolina. This was called, in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the proprietors, the Carteret County Colony, but it soon after received the name of South Carolina.

For a period of five or six years, beginning with the year 1680, great numbers of immigrants came and settled in the Carolinas, comprising the persecuted, as well as the adventurous from England, Scotland, and Ireland, the Huguenots from France,

and many of the Dutch from New York. The colonists were industrious, and in both North and South Carolina many soon became wealthy. The contest between the proprietors and people lasted for twenty years, but the first legislative assembly was convened in 1688. After that, during the remainder of the seventeenth century, both the Carolinas prospered remarkably. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, on account of a war existing between England and Spain, the Spanish colony at St. Augustine, Florida, disturbed the Carolina settlements. The neighboring tribes of Indians also at times showed signs of hostility, but the colonists held both their Spanish and Indian foes in check, and were not long disturbed by them. In the year 1715, a powerful Indian confederacy was formed against the whites. This confederacy numbered about six thousand men, and, headed by the Yamassees and Tuscaroras, and instigated by the Spaniards, they made many fearful ravages in the Carolinas. Energetic and wise measures were immediately taken by Governor Craven; the colonies were placed under martial law, the white inhabitants and slaves were armed, and a strong force went out against the Indians, who were soon overpowered, and fled, part of the tribes to the south, and part to the north.

The people of the Carolinas were heavily taxed by the proprietors, who also refused to aid them against their enemies, and in 1719 the people of South Carolina called a convention and sent a petition to the king to make South Carolina a royal province. The petition was granted, the colony was purchased by the king, who appointed a governor, and allowed the people to choose their own representatives. Ten years later North Carolina was also sold to the king.

By this arrangement, the people of neither colony derived much benefit. The royal governors appointed over them were generally weak, selfish, and tyrannical, as they had proved in Virginia, Maryland and other colonies, and from this time until the beginning of the Revolutionary War, North and South Carolina, in common with other American colonies under royal rule, were involved in contentions with their governors concerning their rights and privileges.

GEORGIA.

At the time that the Carolinas became royal provinces, the whole country between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers was uninhabited except by Indian tribes. At this time also, the cruel laws against debtors were in full force in England, and men of all classes who were unable to pay their debts were thrown into prison.

Moved with pity for these unfortunate men, a band of philanthropists, at the head of whom was General James Edward Oglethorpe, conceived the plan of establishing on the free soil of America an asylum for those who were oppressed on account of their poverty, and persecuted for their religious belief. This plan was approved by Parliament, and sanctioned by the king, and all who were in prison for debt were released on condition that they would accompany the expedition. A charter was granted to Oglethorpe and his associates, "in trust for the poor,' in the year 1732, to found a colony in the region between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers, which was called Georgia, in honor of King George II.

General Oglethorpe, with the first band of emigrants, numbering one hundred and twenty, sailed from England in November, 1732, and touched at Charleston in the following January. From there he went to Port Royal, when, after landing the greater portion of the settlers, he ascended the Savannah river as far as Yamacraw bluff, where he laid the foundation of the city of Savannah.

Treaties of peace were immediately made with the Indians of the country, who appeared friendly, and sold their lands to the new comers at a price satisfactory to both parties. Many immigrants came from different parts of Europe, on account of the religious freedom in Georgia. A colony was founded by a pious sect from Austria, called the Moravians, who had fled from Roman Catholic persecution in their native country. They gave the name of Ebenezer to their settlement, and lived happily in the enjoyment of religious liberty.

Governor Oglethorpe went back to England, and when he returned, in 1736, he brought with him about three hundred new settlers, among whom were one hundred and fifty Scotch Highlanders, who were well versed in military tactics. These Highlanders built a town on the Altamaha river, to which they gave the name of Darien. John Wesley-the founder of the denomination known as the Methodists-and his brother Charles also came with Oglethorpe, as missionaries in Georgia and among the Indians. Their labors were not crowned with very great success, and they returned to England in 1738. The distinguished preacher, George Whitfield, who was then only twentythree years of age, came to Georgia at that time. He met with greater success than Wesley had done, and his eloquence was so great that vast multitudes were attracted to hear him preach wherever he went. He founded an orphan asylum at Savannah, which was supported by contributions received by him at various places in England and America where he preached. During his lifetime it was of great benefit to the colony, and flourished under his powerful influence. At his death, however, which occurred at Newburyport, Massachusetts in 1770, being deprived of its sole support, it became extinct.

During the year 1739, England being at war with Spain, the Spanish settlers of St. Augustine made several attacks upon the Georgian settlements. Governor Oglethorpe had been expecting this, and had established a firm friendship with the neighboring Indian tribes. In 1740, having been appointed commander-in-chief, he went with an army of over two thousand men, consisting of English soldiers, Scotch Highlanders and friendly Indians, to attack St. Augustine. In this attack, however, he was unsuccessful, on account of sickness among his troops, caused by the oppressive heat of the climate and impurity of the atmosphere, and he was obliged to return to Savannah.

After Oglethorpe's departure, the Spaniards determined again to attack the Georgian settlements. They accordingly fitted out a fleet of thirty-six vessels, and in 1742 landed above the town of St. Simon's with three thousand men. Oglethorpe, by