hunting-license fees, but this discrimination is extended by a measure adopted by New York providing for a fine of $100 in case of violation of game laws by a nonresident or alien. New Brunswick removed its protection of the eggs of sea gulls to the extent of permitting their collection to June 24 in each year. British Columbia and New Brunswick increased the restrictions on possession of firearms in woods. British Columbia passed a measure prohibiting nonresidents from carrying firearms without a license; New Brunswick strengthened its law prohibiting the carrying of firearms into the moose and caribou woods without a permit in close season and repealed a law passed last year which authorized licensed nonresidents to carry .22-caliber guns into such woods. The use of motor boats in hunting waterfowl was prohibited by New Brunswick, and, on the other hand, a similar prohibition in force in Massachusetts was modified so as to permit the use of such boats if at anchor.

NEW LAWS PASSED IN 1910.

Federal laws.-Two acts: Establishing the Glacier National Park in the Rocky Mountains south of the International Boundary Line (Pub. 171), which became a law May 11, 1910; and protecting the seal fisheries of Alaska and incidentally transferring from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of Commerce and Labor charge of the Pribilof bird reservation. This measure also transferred protection of fur-bearing animals in Alaska from the Treasury Department to the Department of Commerce and Labor, and on June 2, 1910, the latter department issued regulations, which included the first close season thus far provided for the black bear in Alaska. Alaska game regulations were issued by the Department of Agriculture on July 29, 1910, changing the deer and walrus seasons, reducing the deer bag limit to 8, and suspending sale of venison in southeastern Alaska until 1912.

Georgia.-No legislation.

Kentucky.-One act: Requiring written permissson from landowner for using traps or ferrets in hunting rabbits on another's land.

Louisiana. Six acts: A general law altering seasons, placing robins and blackbirds on the game list, reducing bag limits, providing for propagation of game, reducing the export limit under the nonresident hunting license, prohibiting unauthorized liberation of imported birds, and providing a market hunting license (No. 259); creating two state game and fish preserves (No. 273); reorganizing the board of game commissioners and the warden system with wider scope, authorizing the board to establish close seasons for three years in any parish on recommendation of a mass meeting called by the police jury, and readjusting license fees (No. 265); opening and establishing a season and a bag limit for sea gulls (No. 208); establishing a close season for black bears (No. 268); and regulating deer hunting (No. 142).

Maryland. Three state laws: Fixing a uniform season for wild fowl, prohibiting wildfowl shooting on Sunday, and providing other restrictions (ch. 251); fixing bag limits (ch. 337); and regulating shooting on the Patuxent River (ch. 376). And seven county laws: Regulating blinds in Anne Arundel County (ch. 189); fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, authorizing search, and giving the county commissioners authority to shorten or close open seasons in Allegany County (ch. 616); protecting nongame birds, fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, providing hunting licenses, authorizing arrest without warrant, regulating training of dogs, and authorizing county commissioners to appoint a chief game warden for the county, at a salary of $600, in Baltimore County (ch. 527); fixing seasons for quail and a bag limit for rabbits

and quail in Calvert County (ch. 123); fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, providing a nonresident hunting license, and establishing bag limits in Cecil County (ch. 449); fixing seasons, regulating sale and shipment, establishing bag limits, and providing for confiscation of guns in Dorchester County (ch. 402); and repealing the hawk bounty in Somerset County (ch. 461).

Massachusetts.-Nine acts: Providing for the printing of a special report on the game birds of Massachusetts (ch. 90); removing the ambiguity of the season for quail, ruffed grouse, and woodcock (ch. 365); extending absolute protection of upland plover, wild pigeons, doves, gulls, and terns to 1915 (ch. 472); permitting use of anchored motor boats in shooting shore birds and waterfowl (ch. 533); opening a week's season for deer in November in Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, and Worcester counties with a bag limit of 1 a season, and continuing indefinitely absolute prohibition of sale of venison (ch. 545); authorizing search without warrant, and giving commissioners authority to dispose of seized game (ch. 548); fixing an open season and a bag limit for gray squirrels (ch. 564); authorizing the appointment of six additional deputies (ch. 575); and providing that license receipts be paid to the board of commissioners to be turned over to the state treasurer (ch. 614).

Mississippi. One act: Opening the season for doves July 1 instead of August 1 (ch. -).

New Jersey.-Five acts: Fixing practically uniform seasons for waterfowl throughout the State, further regulating the killing of waterfowl, and protecting wood ducks for five years (ch. 65); prohibiting the use of ferrets (ch. 189); protecting the wild pigeon (ch. 172); fixing a special season for waterfowl on Delaware River and Bay (ch. 51); and prohibiting squirrel hunting while snow is on the ground (ch. 227).

New York.-Seven acts: Extending the St. Lawrence reservation to include part of the shore of Lake Ontario (ch. 313); strengthening the law protecting nongame birds and giving absolute protection for four years to quail, English pheasants, and Hungarian partridges in Richmond County (ch. 256); increasing salaries of first assistant chief protector and division chief protectors, authorizing commissioner on request of town board to regulate taking of birds and game on private preserves, increasing commissioner's authority to bring actions relating to lands in forest preserve counties, dividing forest preserve counties into five districts instead of four, repealing the special buck season, extending the open season for deer to Ulster and part of Sullivan counties and all inclosed deer parks and closing it for three years on Long Island, closing the squirrel season in Niagara County and opening it in Fulton County, opening hare and rabbit shooting in Fulton County, fixing a bag limit on hares and rabbits and permitting the use of ferrets in hunting them, lengthening the open season fowaterfowl by ten days but shortening by one and a half months the season for posr session and providing for the sale of imported waterfowl under bond during this period, amending the duck-shooting regulations, prohibiting purchase, as well as sale, of quail, grouse, and woodcock, fixing a season for brant shooting on Long Island for three years, and providing a fine of $100 for violation of any provision of the game law by a nonresident or alien (ch. 657); amending the season for English pheasants and woodcock in certain parts of the State (ch. 656); protecting grouse and quail for three years in Dutchess County (ch. 664); and adding five additional game protectors (ch. 675).

Ohio. One act: Opening a three-weeks season for ruffed grouse (ch. —).

Oklahoma. Four acts: Creating three clerical positions in the fish and game department (ch. 15); reimbursing the state game and fish warden for expenditures during the preceding year, owing to opinion of the attorney-general that license receipts were not available for expenses except by direct appropriation (ch. 49); making appropriation for expenses of the state game and fish warden's department to June 30, 1911 (ch. 76); and making appropriation of $32,000 for propagating purposes (ch. 103).

Rhode Island.---Three acts: Making minor changes in the resident hunting license law (ch. 529); amending seasons for rabbits, hares, and squirrels (ch. 573); and amending seasons for quail, ruffed grouse, and woodcock, and protecting Hungarian partridges for three years (ch. 581).

South Carolina.-Two acts: Providing practically uniform state seasons for deer, quail, wild turkey, and woodcock, protecting does absolutely for five years, providing seasons for doves, willets, and grackles, formerly unprotected, prohibiting sale of deer, quail, wild turkeys, woodcock, willets, or doves at any time, prohibiting cold storage, providing bag limits for deer, quail, doves, woodcock, and wild turkeys (No. 292); providing for the appointment by the governor and confirmation by the senate of a chief game warden recommended by the Audubon Society, and authorizing him to make contracts with wardens and to dismiss them (No. 293).

Virginia.-Two acts: Fixing seasons in Brunswick and Greenesville counties (ch. 299); and making it unlawful to hunt or trap without written permission in Rappahannock County (ch. 361).

Alberta. No legislation.

British Columbia.-One act: Regulating export of trophies, prohibiting the carrying of firearms and traps without a hunting license, strengthening the license provisions, and making license good throughout year, increasing bag of wapiti (elk) from one to two, repealing $25 license for one month's hunting of deer, bears, and goats, providing a seven-month $50 license for shooting birds, restricting to British nonresidents the $5 week's license, and providing that such license shall be issued only by the provincial game warden (ch. -). Various orders in council fix seasons for 1910. Manitoba. No legislation.

New Brunswick.-One act: Defining nonresidents, fixing close season for waterfowl and snipe and other shore birds, prohibiting use of motor boats in duck shooting, permitting the taking of sea gulls' eggs up to June 24 in each year, prohibiting possession of firearms in moose or caribou woods in close season without permit, extending the right of search, abolishing the special Westmorland County resident license, fixing a limitation of fifteen months on information or complaint against a nonresident, repealing the 25-cent resident deer license, increasing the authority of the surveyorgeneral to make regulations, and making other less important changes (ch. 38). Newfoundland.-Two acts: Establishing a game and inland fisheries board (ch. 29); and extending absolute protection of beaver to 1913 (ch. 30).

Northwest Territories.-No legislation.

Nova Scotia.-One act: Opening the principal bird season August 15 instead of September 1 and making other slight changes in open seasons, permitting hounding, establishing a $15 small-game nonresident hunting license, repealing provision permitting licensed nonresident to carry .22-caliber firearms into forests frequented by game, and arranging for affidavit by one person of details of killing when a moose is taken by two jointly (ch. 98).

Ontario. One act: Providing for disposition of hares and rabbits illegally killed (ch. 101). By order in council the deer bag limit is reduced from two to one. Prince Edward Island.-[Laws not received.]

Quebec.---One act: Extending prohibition of the sale of birch or swamp partridge to November, 1912 (ch. —).

Saskatchewan.-No legislation.
Yukon. [Laws not received.]

BILLS WHICH FAILED TO PASS.

Measures which fail usually arouse discussion and opposition and frequently occupy much time of the legislature. The circumstances attending their consideration are soon forgotten, but their record is 56301°-Bull. 418-10-2

nevertheless important as they comprise bills which are almost certain to be reintroduced until either their passage has been so strongly resisted that they are dropped or the opposition has been overcome and they become laws. It sometimes happens also that in the mass of legislative chaff may be found some grain in the form of novel ideas which, when properly understood and reduced to a practicable basis, are likely to prove valuable. The hunting-license and gamewarden laws were in this class only a few years ago and their subsequent popularity may be duplicated at any time by provisions which have as yet failed to receive approval.

Federal bills.-Eight bills failed to pass at the first session of the Sixty-first Congress. One of these was the Weeks bill, giving the Secretary of Agriculture authority to make regulations concerning migratory game birds (H. R. 10276); another provided for the importation of certain wild and domesticated animals into the United States (H. R. 23261); the remaining six were for the establishment or enlargement of federal game preserves-three in Oregon (S. 5629, H. R. 10912, and H. R. 11934), two in Arizona (S. 5750 and H. R. 11742), and one in New York (S. J. Res. 26).

Georgia. A general game bill (S. 7) providing for a thorough state warden service supported by a hunting license system, prohibiting sale and export, establishing bag limits, protecting does for four years, and providing other features of modern game legislation.

Kentucky.-Legislation providing a state warden system and establishing hunting

licenses.

Maryland. Bills providing for a resident license in force throughout the State and uniform seasons for counties by groups.

Massachusetts.-Nearly sixty bills, six designed to permit spring shooting of wildfowl, and others removing all protection from wildfowl and upland plover, establishing game sanctuaries, authorizing investigation of infectious diseases among native game birds, prohibiting the use of live decoys, opening a month's shooting season for cock pheasants, closing the season on all game birds for three years, giving absolute protection to certain sandpipers and hawks, licensing the sale or gift of firearms, and making other modifications of existing laws.

Mississippi. A general measure providing a state game warden system and resident, nonresident, and alien licenses, prescribing bag limits, prohibiting sale and export, giving absolute protection to does and turkey hens, and containing other features new to game protection in Mississippi but consistent with that in effect in most of the States.

New Jersey. Forty bills: Establishing uniform seasons for upland game, placing the warden service under civil-service requirements (which passed the legislature, but was vetoed by the governor), prohibiting the wearing of bird plumage, providing for the establishment of a state game farm and of a state game refuge, reorganizing the warden service (without the civil-service feature), protecting deer for five years and quail for three, opening a three months' season on woodcock, giving protection for a year to Hungarian partridges, prohibiting the use of automatic guns, prescribing badges to be worn by licensed hunters, repealing the resident license (several bills), and making other changes in existing laws.

New York. A comparatively small number of bills, removing the restrictions on spring shooting of wildfowl, providing for licensing game propagators, permitting sale by licensed dealers of game bred in captivity and foreign game, reorganizing the board of commissioners, making the hunting license good for three years, pro

viding for the leasing of camp sites in forest preserves, and opening a month's snipe shooting in the spring on Lake Erie.

Ohio. Bills establishing a resident license, protecting quail for five years, regulating the hunting of fur-bearing animals, and giving protection to crops from the ringnecked pheasant.

South Carolina.-A bill establishing a resident license.

Virginia.—A general bill providing for a state warden system and a dog and gun tax of $2.50 to furnish the necessary revenue to support it, fixing bag limits, and authorizing supervisors to change seasons and make regulations governing sale.

OPEN SEASONS.

All the general open seasons for game prescribed by the various States and by the Provinces of Canada are here brought together in one table. For the sake of simplicity a uniform method is used in both the arrangement of species and statement of seasons. In each case deer and other big game are first considered; then rabbits and squirrels; then upland game birds, such as quail, grouse, pheasants, turkeys, and doves; then shore birds; and finally waterfowl, such as ducks, geese, and swans. In stating the seasons the plan of the Vermont law, to include the first date but not the last, has been followed consistently. The Vermont scheme has the advantage of showing readily both the open and close seasons, since either may be obtained by reversing the dates of the other.

In some States certain days of the week constitute close seasons throughout the time in which killing is permitted. Hunting on Sunday is prohibited in all of the States and Provinces east of the one hundred and fifth meridian except Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, and Quebec. Mondays constitute a close season for waterfowl in Ohio, and locally in Maryland and North Carolina; and other week days for wildfowl in several favorite ducking grounds in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. Hunting is prohibited on election day in Allegany, Baltimore, Cecil, Frederick, and Harford counties, Md.; and when snow is on the ground in New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, and Maryland. The county laws of Maryland and North Carolina, which are too numerous to be included satisfactorily, are not incorporated in the following table, which otherwise may be regarded as a practically complete résumé of the regulations now in force. The difficulty of securing absolute accuracy in a table of this kind is very great, and the absence in the laws of many States of express legislation as to the inclusion or exclusion of the date upon which seasons open and close makes exactness almost an impossibility.

• See discussion of this question in Circular No. 43 of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1904, entitled "Definitions of the open and close seasons for game."

The county laws of Maryland are shown in Poster No. 22 and those of North Carolina in Poster No. 23, copies of which may be had free on application to the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture.