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The war by night-shells from British batteries dropping a curtain in front of captured positions as the "push" began

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The war by night-the eyes of the British battleships off Saloniki keep close watch on the city while it is dark

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August 27-German auxiliary cruiser "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse" sunk north of Cape Verde Islands by British cruiser "Highflyer" November 10-German light cruiser "Emden" destroyed at Cocos Island in Indian Ocean by Australian cruiser "Sydney," after having captured twenty-six merchantmen March 10-German auxiliary cruiser

"Prinz Eitel Friedrich" put into Hampton Roads after sinking eleven merchantmen, including the American ship "William P. Frye." Subsequently interned, Germany consented to pay for the "Frye" March 15-German cruiser "Dresden,"

survivor of the Falkland Islands fight, blown up at Juan Fernandez Island to avoid capture April 11-Last commerce raider, auxiliary cruiser "Kronprinz Wilhelm," put into Hampton Roads and was subsequently interned

vibrating to and fro in distances measured by yards rather than miles, thru all the weary year.

The chief changes have been at the extreme northwest. Baffled in the direct rush toward Paris, the German armies again and again have striven to turn the left flank of the Allies and to gain the French shore of the British Channel; aiming thus to break the directest line of communication between France and Great Britain, and to secure a base from which to attack and to invade the latter country. For weeks the fiercest fighting of the war was near and on the coast at the FrancoBelgian boundary. On the ground and under the ground, on the sea and under the sca, and in the air, it raged relentlessly; and even the sea itself was let in, to swallow the land and to drown the combatants. But in the end, as at the Marne, the line of last defense held good and the German advance was checked.

Meantime another disaster befell the German plans at the eastern borders. Russia mobilized her armies more slowly than did France, but she did mobilize them and sent them surging across the frontiers into both Austria-Hungary and Germany. By the end of August, when the Germans were pressing toward Paris and needed every man and gun to make that drive successful, the Russians had invaded East Prussia as far as Allenstein and Tannenberg, and were threatening Königsberg, Dantzig and Posen. Then came disaster, when they were routed and driven back with appalling losses, while the Germans

poured into Poland in a drive at Warsaw. At the south the Russians were more successful. They overran Galicia and Bukowina, captured Lemberg, Przemysl and Czernowitz, threatened Cracow, and crost the Carpathians to the borders of the great plain of Hungary. But here, too, were reverses. Lack of munitions, which left tens of thousands of Russians to fight with clubbed rifles and sticks and stones, led to disaster and compelled defeat. Przemysl and Lemberg were abandoned and nearly all of Galicia and Bukowina were evacuated. Vast and repeated fluctuations to and fro marked the story of the eastern battle line all thru the year.

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Count

von

November 1-Off Coronel, Chile, German squadron-armored cruisers "Scharnhorse," "Gneisenau," thirdclass cruisers "Leipzig," "Dresden,” "Nürnberg," Admiral Spee in command-defeated British cruisers "Good Hope," "Glasgow," "Monmouth" and transport "Otranto," Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock in command; sinking "Good Hope" and "Monmouth" December 8-Off Falkland Islands. British squadron battle-cruisers "Inflexible," "Invincible," battleship "Canopus," armored cruisers "Carnarvon," "Cornwall," "Kent," second-class cruisers "Glasgow," "Bristol," Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Sturdee in command-defeated Admiral von Spee's squadron, sinking "Leipzig," "Scharnhorst," "Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg" January 24-In North Sea. British squadron battle-cruisers "Tiger," "Lion," "Princess Royal," "New Zea land," "Indomitable," Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty in command-pursued German raiding squadronbattle-cruisers "Derfflinger," "Seydlitz," "Moltke," "Blücher," Admiral Hibber in command sinking "Blücher"

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February 19-21-General attack on forts at entrance to Dardanelles begun by fleet of forty warships, ViceAdmiral Sackville Hamilton Carden in command, including British superdreadnought "Queen Elizabeth" and a number of French battleships March 5-Forts near Kilid Bahr shelled by "Queen Elizabeth" firing across Gallipoli peninsula March 18-French battleship "Bouvet," British battleships "Irresistible." "Ocean" sunk by floating mines. British battle-cruiser “Inflexible," French battleship "Gaulois" disabled by gunfire. Attack suspended. Occasional bombardment and mine-sweeping in following weeks. Ten warships reinforce fleet March 28 and intermittently thereafter Russian fleet bombards Bosporus forts

April 25-Anglo-French fleet renews bombardment to cover landing of troops on Gallipoli May 12—British battleship “Goliath” torpedoed by Turkish destroyer May 25 and 27--British battleships "Triumph" and "Majestic" sunk by German submarine

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At the end of the year the Russians have lost nearly all that they gained, while the victorious Teutons have overrun the bulk of Poland, have put an iron ring three-fourths of the way around Warsaw, and are sweeping with little resistance thru the Baltic Provinces toward Riga if not toward Petrograd itself.

Advance on one side means, however, inertia if not peril of disaster on the other; and Germany thus suffers the immense disadvantage of having to fight all her foes at once instead of one at a time, a circumstance which has transformed the whole aspect of the war. As for the auxiliary campaigns, they have been of minor interest. After many violent fluctuations of fortune, the Serbs and Montenegrins at last expelled the Austrian invaders and themselves became the aggressors in Austro-Hungarian territory. Turkey entered the war at Germany's command, but has been handicapped by the impossibility of getting supplies across the barrier of Rumanian and Bulgarian neutrality. She has consequently been chiefly on the defensive, with her strength steadily waning, and with a prospect that the Straits will soon be in the hands of the Allies and be opened as an avenue for Russia's much-needed supplies. Japan wrested from Germany the latter's Chinese holdings; Australia took New Guinea and other islands; and France and Great Britain or their colonies took

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This model of the terrain to be captured was made from aeroplane observation and studied by the soldiers who took Messines Ridge

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These diagrams indicate approximately the fluctuations of the tides of invasion and occupation of territory by the belligerents in the west of Europe-Belgium, France and the Reichsland of Germany—and in the chief eastern seat of war -Poland, Galicia, Bukowina, East Prussia and the Baltic provinces. In the upper diagram the continuous line shows the area occupied by the Germans in Luxemburg, Belgium and northern France, the high-water mark of about 25,000 square miles being at the beginning of the Battle of the Marne in the second week of September. Since November the changes have been inconsiderable. The dotted line indicates the gains of the French in Alsace and Lorraine, amounting at most to only a few hundred square miles, and exaggerated for the sake of clearness on this diagram. Much greater gains on both sides, and greater fluctuations, appear in the lower diagram. The continuous line shows the advance of the Germans and Austrians in Russian Poland and the Baltic provinces, now higher than ever before and approximating 40,000 square miles. The dotted line indicates the occupation by the Russians of German territory in East Prussia and Silesia and of Austro-Hungarian territory in Galicia, Bukowina and Hungary; reaching a maximum of about 40,000 square miles in April and now ebbing toward the vanishing point

those which were confidently anticipated, and probably a comparably great change in the attitude of the belligerents toward the issues involved. At the beginning, exulting in their known strength and never having tasted defeat, the Germans, even the foremost men of light and leading, talked of nothing less than the annexation of Belgium, northern France, Poland, the Baltic Provinces, and the bulk of Great Britain's colonies, and the exaction of indemnities which would "bleed white" all their antagonists. Now, with their plan of campaign defeated, and with their empire surrounded by an iron ring of foes threatening at once to starve and to crush it, they speak of an "honorable peace" without annexations or indemnities but on the basis of the status quo ante bellum. That Germany can be starved is doubtful. That she can be beaten thru failure of military supplies also seems doubtful. That she will in the course of another year suffer grave embarrassment if not disaster thru monetary famine-in brief, bankruptcy-seems far less doubtful if not, indeed, quite probable. It is this aspect of the situation and of the outlook which now causes most concern and the most zealous desire to press the war with some speedy and decisive stroke.

The tone of the Allies, too, has greatly changed. The first hot flush of wrath at the violation of Belgium may not have cooled, but the expectation of wreaking spcedy and overwhelming vengeance has been disappointed. There is no more talk of a swift march to Berlin, of the fall of the Hohenzollerns, and of the dissolution of the German Empire. The Allied Powers are, indeed, bound by a common pledge to make no peace until all are agreed upon its terms. But they are thoughtfully considering the question of how long it will take to march to Berlin if a year of such furious and costly fighting as the world has never seen before has not sufficed to drive the invading Germans out of France and Belgium.

Great Britain is of all the Allies the most belligerent in sentiment, tho the least so in action. Also, she has suffered least. She is the least inclined toward peace, and insists upon the sine qua non of the restoration and full indemnifying of Belgium, the surrender or destruction of the German navy, and the adoption of such measures as will make impossible another German attack upon her. It is yet to be seen how heavier losses and increasing financial burdens Iwill affect her.

France has been waging a war with immeasurably greater losses to herself than either of her great allies has suffered, but with a fortitude and resolution never surpassed by any nation in history. Her first spontaneous demand

LANDMARKS OF THE CAMPAIGNS

On the Eastern Front

August 12-Austrians invaded Serbia and bombarded Belgrade August 23--Battle of the Jadar River. Austrians driven out of Serbia with great loss

August 24-Russians penetrated far into East Prussia, threatening Königsberg. Dantzig and Posen August 30--Russians routed at Allen

stein and Tannenberg and driven out of East Prussia with tremendous losses

September 2-Russians took the Gali

cian capital, Lemberg, renaming it
Lvov

September 5-15- Serbians invaded
Austria-Hungary, captured Semlin
and threatened Sarajevo
September 23

Russians captured Jaroslav and overran most of Galicia, threatening Cracow October 1-Russians crost the Carpathians and threatened Hungary with invasion

December 2-Austrians occupied the
Serbian capital, Belgrade
December 14- Serbians

reoccupied

Belgrade and assumed the aggressive against Austria-Hungary January 1-5-Russians invaded Hun

gary, occupied Bukowina, and threatened Transylvania with invasion

February 4-Great German drive at
Warsaw, directed by von Hinden-
burg
February 10-12-Germans under von

Hindenburg inflicted crushing defeat upon the Russians in the Mazurian Lakes region, driving them out of East Prussia

March 19-Russians occupied Memel and threatened Tilsit

March 22-After a siege lasting since
September the Russians captured the
Galician fortress of Przemysl
April 2-15-Tremendous battles in the

Carpathians

April 30-Germans invaded the Baltic provinces

May 3-Great German and Austrian

victory in Galicia, in consequence of which the Russians began to retire May 1-German and Austrian armies began attacks upon Przemysl June 3-Germans and Austrians retook Przemysl from the Russians and moved toward Lemberg June 23-Germans and Austrians retook Lemberg, and soon afterward drove the Russians out of most of Galicia and Bukowina

June 15-Great German drive at Warsaw simultaneously from west, north and south, and German invasion of Courland threatening Riga

was for a restoration of Alsace and Lorraine and repayment of the two milliards wrested from her in 1871. Whether the latter part of this demand is still

LANDMARKS OF THE CAMPAIGNS

On the Fringes of the War

August 26-Germans surrendered Togoland to French and British September 25-Australians captured New Guiana

September 28-French and British seized the German Congo Colony July 9-British Union of South Africa completed conquest of German Southwest Africa

November 7-Germans surrendered Tsing-tau to the Japanese April 21-Armies of the Allies landed on Gallipoli Peninsula for conquest of the Straits

May 26-Italians began their invasion of Austria, moving simultaneously toward Trent, Görz and Trieste July 12-Italian raiders penetrated to within three miles of Trieste

so positively maintained is open to question.

Austria-Hungary planned at the outset to crush and spoliate Serbia, to dominate the Balkans, and to gain an outlet upon the Aegean Sea. Now she is confessedly ready to assent to anything which her greater partner may deem expedient or necessary; even to the granting of guarantees to Serbia and of actual concessions of territory to Italy and Rumania.

Russia entered the war as the defender and champion of all the Slavs. She meant to crush Austria, to shatter Germany's military power, to annex Galicia and perhaps Silesia and Posen to her own Poland, and to magnify Rumania, Serbia and Bulgaria as her minor allies. Doubtless that is still her purpose. But Muscovite ways are not the ways of western Europe. Her policy may not break, but it often bends; she may not abandon her designs, but she may postpone them. Suffering heavy losses and with declining credit, a readiness on her part to temporize is not beyond the pale of possibility.

Italy is fighting for her own hand. She wants to redeem "Italia Irredenta," to remove the menace of Austria at Lake Garda, and to establish a greater influence for herself on the Albanian shore of the Adriatic. But she is not at war with Germany, and she is not bound to make peace with Austria collectively with the Allies.

Turkey, at least in Europe, is probably doomed; not so much thru the aggressions of the Allies as thru the refusal of Rumania and Bulgaria to let the military supplies which she needs pass to her from Germany across their neutral territory. The fall of Constantinople and the opening of the Straits to the Allies will be chiefly important

LANDMARKS OF THE CAMPAIGNS

In France and Belgium

August 2-Germans took possession of Luxemburg in violation of its neutrality, and thus gained unobstructed entrance into France August 7-Germans entered Liège, tho some of its forts remained unconquered, and passed on thru Belgium toward France

August 8-French troops occupied Mülhausen and advanced as far as Colmar, in Alsace

August 19--Germans destroyed Louvain August 20-Germans passed thru Brussels, unopposed, on their "way to Paris"

August 21-23-French driven from Namur and British from Mons, slowly retreating into France before the oncoming Germans September 2-French Government retired from Paris to Bordeaux and Paris prepared for siege September 6-10-Battle of the Marne, in which the French and British. under orders to "die rather than retreat," checked and turned back the Germans at the high water mark of their invasion of France and drive toward Paris

September 16-28-Battle of the Aisne, in which the Germans held their ground against the attempt of the Allies to drive them out of France October 10-Germans captured Antwerp. completing their conquest of Belgium, and the remains of the Belgian army retired into France and joined the Allies October 15-25-Five-fold battles of four nations in western Flanders in

which the first great German drive at Calais and the Channel coast was baffled

October 30-Belgians flooded western Flanders to drive out Germans December 30-German aviators bombarded Dunkirk

March 11-British capture Neuve Chapelle after several days' fighting with heavy losses on both sides April 22-In great battle near Ypres the Germans began the use of asphyxiating and poisonous gases in warfare, with effective results June 2-Battles in the "Labyrinth" begun

because it will enable Russia to be far more readily supplied with the military munitions which her backward industrialism makes her unable to provide for herself.

Rumania, Bulgaria and Greece have so long kept out of the struggle that they may succeed in doing so to the end, unless they gratuitously inject themselves into it for the sake of seeking a share in the spoils. However that may be, there can be little doubt that the set

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