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All of the German colonies have been conquered except a narrowing strip in the middle of German East Africa. The black area is that now held by the Central Powers; the shaded belongs to the Entente Allies. Neutral countries are left white

THE SECOND YEAR OF THE GREAT WAR

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August, 1916

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FTER another year of warfare in which the area of conflict has widened, the number gaged are more numerous, the losses have increased and the expense has multiplied enormously, the issue of the conflict still remains in doubt and there is no more evidence of a speedy peace than there was on August 1, 1914, or August 1, 1915. In men and money the odds in favor of the Allies are greater than ever and so their ultimate victory seems inevitable if they keep up the fight, but on the other hand, all the campaigns of the past year in Europe have gone to the advantage of Germany and her allies and their powers of resistance show no evidence yet of being exhausted.

Since the Great War is being fought on fields whose operations are quite distinct it will be most convenient to consider the various campaigns separately, giving in each case a few memorable dates and a brief summary of the re

sults.

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BY EDWIN E. SLOSSON at the same time as the British in Artois and Champagne, but with no better success. That, in brief, was the history of 1915.

COUNTRIES IN CONFLICT Territory пого in possession of Allied Powers

31,332,000 square miles Territory now in possession of Central Powers

1,245,000 square miles Superiority of Allies over Central Powers in area more than

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August 23-25-French defeated at Charleroi and budged more than five miles or so from

British at Mons.

September 6-10-Germans defeated on the Marne. September 14-28-Germans make a stand on the Aisne.

October 9-Germans take Antwerp.

March 10-14, 1915-British attack at Neuve Chapelle but gain little ground.

April 22-May 9-Germans attack at Ypres but gain little ground.

May 9-14-French and British attack in Artois
but gain little ground.
September 25-27-British attack at Loos and
French in Champagne, but gain little ground.
February 21, 1916-Germans begin attack upon
Verdun that still continues.
July 1-French and British begin attack on the
Somme that still continues.

where it was first fixed. In the spring of 1915 the British took the village of Neuve Chapelle at a cost of 12,000 men, and in the fall they took the village of Loos at a cost of 50,000 men. The Germans made a desperate attempt with the aid of gas to smash their way thru the low land of Flanders to Calais, but he British, French and Belgians held the line about Ypres. The French struck

In 1916 it was expected that an Anglo-French offensive would open the campaign in the spring, but the Germans forestalled it by a furious attack upon Verdun, the corner fortress of France. Since February 21 the fighting has been incessant here, and half a million men have been sacrificed but the French still hold to the ruined town and its inner circle of forts.

Finally at 7:30 in the morning of the first day of July, 1916, the AngloFrench offensive was launched. The attack was directed at the German lines on both sides of the Somme opposite Peronne, a battlefield familiar to every reader of Scott's "Quentin Durward." At the end of a month the French and British have each advanced three or four miles-but here the cautious chronicler must stay his hand and not virgin fortress, Peronne la Pucelle. attempt to forecast the fate of the

Whatever may be thought of future prospects, the campaign in France at the end of the second year must be pronounced a deadlock if not a stale

mate.

THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN August 26-31, 1914-Russians defeated at Tannenberg, East Prussia: limit of Russian advance westward into Germany.

May 1, 1915-Russians driven back from Dunajec River, Galicia; limit of Russian advance westward into Austria.

August 5, 1915-Germans take Warsaw, capital of Poland.

September 16-19, 1915-Germans take Pinsk and Vilna; limit of German advance eastward into Russia.

June 1. 1916-Russian drive begins. June 17. 1916-Russians take Czernovitz, capital of Bukovina.

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fame, was placed in charge of the northern army group and General Brusiloff in charge of the southern. On June 1 the Russian offensive started in the south and in the two months since has attained a considerable success. The Russians have reconquered the crownland of Bukovina and reached the Carpathians beyond. The Austrians in Galicia and the Germans just north of it have both been driven back fifty miles from their winter front. The Russians claim the capture of over 300,000 prisoners in the last two months.

As it stands at the end of the second year of war the Germans hold over 100,000 square miles of Russian territory and the Russians hold about 10,000 square miles of Austrian territory.

THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN

May 23, 1915-Italy declares war on Austria. May 15, 1916-Austrians advance from Trentino.

June 20, 1916-Italians drive Austrians back toward Trentino.

The entrance of Italy into the war did not make so much difference as the Allies had hoped. The boundary line, which was drawn in 1866 so as to give Austria a strategic advantage, proved to be all that was expected of it. The Austrians were able to hold their frontier, protected as it was on the one side by the Tyrolese Alps and on the other by the Isonzo River, with three or four hundred thousand men against a million or more troops at the command of General Cadorna. The Italians have not taken any town of importance, and until recently the fighting has mostly been confined to a strip of four or five miles inside the Austrian border.

But in the middle of last May the Austrians undertook an offensive movement from the Trentino and had advanced about ten miles into the Venetian Valley when the Russian drive began, and they were obliged to withdraw their troops to their mountain shelter.

So, after more than twenty-two months of war, the Austrians and Italians stand about where they started, except for the heavy losses both have sustained.

THE BALKAN CAMPAIGN

July 28, 1914-Austria declares war upon Serbia. August 23, 1914-First Austrian invasion repulsed. December 10, 1914-Second Austrian invasion repulsed.

September 20, 1915-Bulgaria mobilizes.

September 23. 1915-Greece mobilizes.

October 5. 1915-French and British troops land at Salonica.

October 8, 1915-Austrians take Belgrade.
November 5. 1915-Bulgars take Nish.
November 30. 1915-Conquest of Serbia completed.
January 14 1916-Austrians enter Cettinje, capi-
tal of Montenegro.

Serbia, about which the war began, was the first country to be completely conquered. The armies that Austria sent into Serbia in the summer and winter of 1914 met with such humiliating defeats that no further attempts were made until the fall of 1915. By that time the spectacular success of the Germans in Russia and the failure of the Allies to make any impression upon the German lines in France had inclined the Balkan states toward the Central Powers. Both sides made generous offers of enemy territory to Bulgaria, Greece and Rumania and both had hopes up to the last moment of

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winning over one or all of them. But

when it came to the show-down it Constantinople
turned out that Rumania was deter-
mined to remain neutral, that Bulgaria
would espouse the cause of the Central
Powers and that Greece was divided.
King Constantine, whose wife is sister
to the Kaiser, was pro-German in his
sympathies, but Venizelos, his prime.
minister, was pro-Ally. The King won
the political battle and declared Greece
neutral, but that did not prevent the
British and French troops from using
Greek territory for their military and
naval operations.

The Bulgarian troops entered Serbia from the eastern side at the same time that the Austrian and German troops entered from the northern side. While the Teutons took Belgrade, the old capital of Serbia, the Bulgars took Nish, the new capital. The Serbs, caught between the two armies and receiving no aid from outside, were defeated on the plain of Kossovo, where the Turks had conquered them five hundred years before. The aged King Peter escaped in a peasant's cart and such of his troops

as

were not captured or killed took refuge in Greece and Albania.

The tiny kingdom of Montenegro shared the fate of the allied and kindred Serbia. The supposedly impregnable Mount Lovcen, which dominates the Bay of Cattaro, was taken by the Austrians with surprizing ease, and King Nicholas went into exile in France.

Albania, which five months before the war had been set up by the powers as an independent nation under a Prussian prince, is now divided among her neighbors. The Austrians are in possession of the northern part and the Bulgars of the eastern; the Italians hold Avlona on the western coast and the Greeks have seized the Epirote provinces on the south.

The British Government, surprized and chagrined at Bulgaria's joining the enemy, thought it too late to intervene in the Balkans, but General Joffre ran over to London, and by his eloquence and earnestness persuaded the cabinet to join with him in the rescue of Serbia. But by the time the French and British troops got there the country was conquered, so they withdrew to Salonica which they have ever since occupied in spite of the protests of the Greek Government at this violation of neutrality. The Allied fleet blockaded the Greek coast and so forced the Greek Government to evacuate the Salonica district and finally to demobilize the Greek army. The Bulgars, claiming the

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THE PARTITION OF TURKEY

Asiatic Turkey has been attacked from all four sides. The attempt of the British and French to force the Dardanelles and take Constantinople was frustrated, but on the east the Russians have conquered the greater part of Armenia as well as overrun northern Persia. The British have occupied southern Persia and the coast of the Persian Gulf, and declared a protectorate over Egypt. The British expedition sent up the Tigris to take Bagdad was defeated and captured. Most of the Arab tribes are said to be in revolt against Ottoman rule

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August 6, 1915-Second landing made at Suvla,
Gallipoli.
December 19, 1915-Troops withdrawn from Gal-
lipoli.

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The attempt to force the Dardanelles and take Constantinople was illadvised and ill-managed. First a fleet of British and French warships, including the largest battleship ever structed, was sent out to accomplish the feat alone. After a month spent in bombarding the Turkish forts guarding the strait had failed to reduce them, the fleet rashly entered the Dardanelles, where two British and one French battleships were promptly sunk by floating mines.

Then it was decided to try troops, but a month was spent in making the necessary preparations for landing, and by that time the Turks, under German engineers, had fortified the Gallipoli peninsula. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps was landed on the western shore of the peninsula, called for that reason Anzac Cove, but they were never able to fight their way inland far enough to reach the ridge commanding the strait. Another contingent landed at Suvla Bay, a little farther up the coast, was also forced to keep to the shelter of the beach. Late in the year the enterprize was abandoned and the troops withdrawn. The British losses were 117,549 killed, wounded and missing. There were also 96,683 hospital cases of disease, an unusual feature in the present war.

The Dardanelles campaign accomplished nothing, except, perhaps, to frustrate a Turkish attack upon Egypt.

THE MESOPOTAMIAN CAMPAIGN
November. 1914-British take Basra, near head of
Persian Gulf.

January, 1915-Expedition starts up Tigris.
November 22, 1915-British advance checked at
Ctesiphon, 18 miles below Bagdad.

December 3, 1915-British expedition retires to
Kut-el-Amara and is there besieged.

April 29. 1916-British expedition surrenders at
Kut-el-Amara.

Early in the war the British took possession of the Persian and Turkish territory about the Persian Gulf, and in 1915 expeditions were sent up the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Tigris expedition had almost reached Bagdad when it encountered a superior force of Turks and was forced to hundred miles downstream. Here it was caught in a bend in the river at Kut-el-Amara and was

withdraw

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so closely invested that only aeroplanes could reach it. After holding out for nearly five months, the expedition, consisting then of only 10,000 British and Indian troops, surrendered to the Turks.

The failure of the Mesopotamian campaign, tho it involved insignificant numbers compared with the European operations, had a serious effect upon British prestige in the East.

THE CAUCASIAN CAMPAIGN February 15 1916-Russians take Erzerum. April 18, 1916-Russians take Trebizond.

July 26, 1916-Russians take Erzingan.

The only definite success outside of Africa so far achieved by any of the nine Allies is the Russian conquest of Armenia. The Grand Duke Nicholas, transferred to the Caucasus, began from there the invasion of Turkey before the winter was over. The opposition was feeble and the fortresses of Erzerum

and Trebizond, renowned from old for their ability to stand a siege, surrendered as soon as they were reached. But the Russian occupation of this region was not soon enough to save the Armenians. The Turks, knowing

that the Armenians would welcome the advance of the Russians, determined upon their removal, and during the winter a million or more Armenians, Syrians and Greeks were massacred or deported. Northern Persia, which, according to the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907, was recognized as the Russian "sphere of influence," has now passed under Russian control in spite of the resistance of the Persian Nationalists aided by the Germans and Turks.

Unless, then, the results of this campaign are nullified in Europe, the Russian Empire will incorporate northern Persia and northeastern Turkey.

THE AFRICAN CAMPAIGN

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March 9, 1916-General Smuts of the Union of South Africa enters upon the conquest of German East Africa.

The German colonies in Africa have an area more than four times that of the Fatherland, but there probably were not more than 25,000 Germans in them when the war broke out. Cut off from Germany, from one another, and from the outside world by the British command of the coast, it was inevitable that they should succumb. The only wonder is that these four isolated groups should be able to hold out as long as they have against enemies on every side. Two of the colonies, Togo and Kamerun, were cleaned up by British and French troops. The other two were left to the Union of South Africa. The Boer

generals, Botha and Smuts, who sixteen years ago were fighting against the British, undertook to annex German Southwest Africa to the British Empire. The job was so well done that General Smuts was set at the same task in German East Africa. The region about Mount Kilimanjaro is already in his possession, and with Belgians invading the colony from the west and Portuguese from the south, the handful of Germans in the interior cannot be expected to resist much longer.

With their capitulation will vanish the colonial empire that the German

Government has labored ever since 1884 to construct.

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the Allies. A few sea-rovers like the
"Emden" and the "Möwe" have been
for a time at large. The submarine
"Deutschland," loaded with dyes, ap-
peared at Baltimore. But German ship-
ping has been virtually shut off from
the sea, and German commerce by any
channel has been cut down almost to
extinction. Without declaring a block-
ade, because, as Premier Asquith said,
"the government are not going to allow
their efforts to be strangled in a net-
work of judicial niceties," the British
Government inspects the cargo and
mails of all ships bound for European
ports, whatever their flag or des-
tination, and no goods are allowed to
pass if suspected of being intended for
Germany. The United States, in main-
tenance of its historic principle that
"free ships make free goods," has pro-
tested against the illegality and strin-
gency of the British procedure, but
without avail.

The sinking of passenger vessels like
the "Lusitania" aroused such indigna-
tion in neutral countries that the party
in Germany which was opposed to such
tactics secured the ascendency, and the
United States was assured that the
German submarines would not in the
future attack unarmed merchantmen
without fair warning. But this promise
was made upon the condition that Eng-
land's blockade practises be brought
within the scope of international law,
so it is possible that the submarine
raids may be resumed at any time that
Germany is willing to incur the dis-
pleasure of the United States.

The dreadnoughts and battle-cruisers of the two fleets came into conflict for the first time near the mouth of the Skagerrak and off the coast of Jutland on the afternoon of the last day of May. The result is indecisive from the standDecember 8. 1914-Sturdee destroys Von Spee's point of naval power. The British losses

THE WAR ON THE SEA
August 5, 1914-Beatty sinks three German cruis-
ers in the bight of Helgoland.
November 1, 1914-Cradock's squadron defeated
off Coronel, Chili, by Von Spee's squadron.
squadron near Falkland Islands.

January 24, 1915-German squadron defeated at
Dogger Bank.

February 7, 1915-Germans declare a war-zone
about British Isles.

March 11, 1915-British Order-in-Council estab

were about twice those of the Germans,
but since the British navy is about twice
as strong, the ratio is not materially

lishes cordon control shutting off all goods changed. going to or from Germany.

May 7, 1915-"Lusitania" sunk.

May 4, 1916-Germany agrees not to sink liners without warning.

May 31, 1916-Greatest naval battle of history fought off Jutland.

June 5, 1916-"Hampshire" sunk with Kitchener on board.

June 29. 1916-England renounces the Declaration of London.

The story of the war on the sea may be summed up in few words: After two years the British supremacy remains unshaken. The German submarines have inflicted heavy losses upon the naval and mercantile shipping of

THE NATIONS AT WAR IN 1916
THE ENTENTE
THE CENTRAL
POWERS

ALLIES

Great Britain
France

Russia

Italy
Japan
Belgium
Serbia
Montenegro
Portugal

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Turkey

CHANGES IN THE MAP

Publishers of geographies are holding back on new editions because it is anticipated that there will be many alterations to be made in national boundaries however the war may turn out. A map of the world made now would show that since August, 1914, an area almost equal to the whole of Europe has changed hands at least temporarily. On page 21 we summarize the chief of these changes. The figures given are, of course, only approximate for the area actually held by the armies is not definitely determinable and the population is still more uncertain because millions of people who were in the war zones have fled to other countries or else have perished by war, massacre, privation and plague.

From the table it will be seen that the lion's share of the spoils has gone to Great Britain. With the assistance took possession of all of the German of the Japanese and Australians she islands in the Pacific and with the assistance of the French and Boers she has conquered all of the German coloAfrica, of which the central portion is nies in Africa except German East still unsubdued. In the conquest of Togo and Kamerun, French and British troops coöperated, so I have calculated these colonies as divided equally belikely that France will be given a much tween the two powers, altho it is quite larger share in the final settlement. Egypt, Sudan and Cyprus, which before the war belonged nominally to Turkey, altho under the administrative control of England, are now listed as part of the British Empire. The southpassed under British rule, as well as ern half of Persia has now virtually troops that were sent up the Tigris and a considerable part of Arabia. The Euphrates have control of the vilayet of Busra.

signed half of the German colonies of To the French I have tentatively asTogo and Kamerun. In Alsace the French still hold a strip a few miles wide and about forty-five miles long on the German side of the border.

Germany has Luxemburg, nearly all of Belgium and a large slice of France. On the Russian side the German troops are in possession of all Poland, almost all of Courland and a large part of the governments of Vilna, Kovno, Grodno and Volhynia.

Austrian, Bulgarian and German troops joined in the Balkan campaign. How the territory gained in it will be divided no man knows. The figures given in the table on the preceding page are based upon the assumption that Austria for the present has possession of the northern half of Serbia and Albania and the whole of Montenegro, and that Bulgaria has the balance of Serbia.

PAYING FOR IT

According to David Lloyd George the war will be won by "silver bullets." Since England is the country with the greatest store of this sort of ammunition her part in the burden of war be

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This remarkable photograph of the destruction of the aeroplane in which Flight Lieutenant R. C. Ferrick of the British Aviation Corps was making observations over the enemy lines was taken by a photographer in the German trenches after the aeroplane had been struck by a shell from a German anti-aircraft gun and had burst into flames as it was falling

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