through hard work of hand and head, and that sternest of experiences, the moral discipline of the will. To the working classes of to-day the advocate of Utopia has, for instance, no more imperative message to deliver than the commandment of abstinence from drink and tobacco. The sums that could thus be saved in the United States would plant a hundred thousand happy families every year in homes of their own, far more to be desired than the choicest corner lots in an impracticable Boston of the year 2000 a. D.! Industry, thrift and temperance, these be very rude and homely virtues, ye right worshipful doctors and illustrious grand masters of socialism, by the side of your airy castles of indolence and affluence erected by act of Congress. But, homely and rude as they are, they have done many a good work: they have procured for mankind a long list of solid comforts, and their power has not been exhausted, while your fantastic commonwealths have risen and disappeared by the dozen. One must yet sympathize very heartily with the disgust the working-classes feel for those who come from homes of luxury to preach temperance and thrift in the intervals of their devotion to the claims of fashion. There are many kinds of intemperance, and these preachers are often forcible examples of some of the worst.

A number of steps in the direction of Utopia have been indicated in this volume. It is a perpetual journey, and not all of these steps together will bring us to complete felicity. Nevertheless each step will bring us farther on the way. We may wisely hope and trust that better conditions and shorter hours of labor will gradually prevail; that a more equal division will be made of the profits of industry; that a

closer coöperation will be accomplished of the capitalist, the employer and the workman; that sounder systems of taxation will equalize the burden and the ability of the tax-payer; that every family will come to own a home; that education will multiply its pervasive powers through every social grade; that accumulated wealth will be more and more freely used to strengthen and adorn the public life; that science, art and invention will irresistibly combine their offices to humanize and beautify the common lot. To a thousand agencies of good we must look for our progressive deliverance from the evils that beset us.

There is no highway to Utopia, though the approaches be many. Utopia itself is a magical city that rises from its foundations and moves onward as we advance. Little respect for it could we have if it did not thus elude our hands, as little, possibly, as we should feel for an unprogressive heaven, after a few days' residence! None the less should our march be steadfast toward it over the solid ground of Nature. The ever-becoming "philosophical city," in constant flux from good to better, cannot reach a final best. Our imperfect civilization is in many respects wonderful beyond the scope of Sir Thomas More's highest imagination. So in all probability will our fondest dream be put to shame by the future reality. But that reality will come the sooner because of our dreaming, much more because of our striving; for Utopia is a city

"Built of tears and sacred flames,

And virtue reaching to its aims;
Built of furtherance and pursuing,
Not of spent deeds, but of doing."

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

This list is intended to give but a few titles of the best recent books, mostly issued since 1888, on topics touched by this volume: a brief list of valuable articles in the periodicals is added. "The Reader's Guide in Economic, Social and Political Science," edited by R. R. Bowker and George Iles (G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891), will be found very serviceable by all students.

Contemporary Socialism. By John Rae, M. A. tion, revised and enlarged. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1891.

Second edi-
New York,

Socialism New and Old. By William Graham, M. A. D. Appleton & Co. New York, 1891.

A History of Socialism.

By Thomas Kirkup. Adam & Charles Black. London and Edinburgh, 1892.

The Quintessence of Socialism, 1889: and the Impossibility of Social Democracy, 1892. By Dr. A. Schäffle. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. London.

A Plea for Liberty. Introduction by Herbert Spencer and Essays by various writers. Edited by Thomas Mackay. D. Appleton & Co. New York, 1891.

Individualism, A System of Politics. By Wordsworth Donisthorpe. Macmillan & Co. London, 1889.

French and German Socialism in Modern Times. By Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. Harper & Brothers. New York, 1883. Fabian Essays in Socialism. Edited by G. Bernard Shaw. Walter Scott. London, 1889.

The Cooperative Commonwealth. Revised and enlarged edition and Our Destiny: The Influence of Nationalism on Morals and Religion. By Laurence Gronlund, M. A. Lee & Shepard. Boston, 1890.

Christian Socialism. By Rev. M. Kaufmann, M. A. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. London, 1888.

Social Aspects of Christianity and other Essays. By Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. New York, 1889. Socialism from Genesis to Revelation. By F. M. Sprague.

Lee & Shepard. Boston, 1893.

Christian Socialism: What and Why. By Philo W. Sprague. E. P. Dutton & Co. New York, 1891. Principles of Economics. Volume I. Elements of the Economics of Industry. Macmillan & Co. London and New York, 1892.

Second edition and

By Alfred Marshall.

Political Economy. Third edition, revised and enlarged, 1888 and First Lessons in Political Economy, 1889. By Francis A. Walker. Henry Holt & Co. New York.

Capital and Interest: A Critical History of Economical Theory, 1890 and The Positive Theory of Capital, 1891. By Eugen V. Böhm-Bawerk. Translated with Prefaces and Analyses by William Smart, M. A. Macmillan & Co. London.

Institutes of Economics. By Elisha Benjamin Andrews. Silver, Burdett & Co. Boston, 1889.

An Introduction to Political Economy. By Richard T. Ely. Chautauqua Press. New York, 1889.

The Scope and Method of Political Economy. By John Neville Keynes, M. A. Macmillan & Co. London, 1891. Recent Economic Changes. By David A. Wells. D. Appleton & Co. New York, 1889.

The State: Elements of Historical and Practical Politics. By Woodrow Wilson. D. C. Heath & Co. Boston, 1889.

Social Statics, Abridged and Revised; together with the Man versus The State. By Herbert Spencer. D. Appleton & Co. New York, 1892.

State Railroad Commissions. By F. C. Clark. American Economic Association. 1891.

Man and the State. Popular Lectures and Discussions before the Brooklyn Ethical Association. D. Appleton & Co. New York, 1892.

Der Moderne Socialismus in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. By A. Sartorius Freiherrn von Waltershausen. Verlag von Hermann Bahr. Berlin, 1890.

The Labor Movement in America. By Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. New York, 1886.

Guide Pratique pour l'Application de la Participation aux

Bénéfices. Par Albert Trombert. Introduction par M. Charles Robert. Librairie Chaix. Paris, 1892.

Profit-Sharing Precedents. By Henry G. Rawson. Stevens

& Sons. London, 1891.

By James C. Smith. London, 1892.

du Jury International. Rapport de M. Charles Paris, 1889.

The Distribution of the Produce. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Exposition de 1889: Rapports Economie Sociale Section II. Robert. Imprimerie Nationale. Congrès International de la Compte Rendu. Librairie Chaix.

Participation aux Bénéfices.
Paris, 1890.

Report to the Board of Trade on Profit-Sharing.
Spottiswoode. London, 1891.

Eyre &

Report on the Social Economy Section of the Universal International Exhibition of 1889 at Paris. Prepared by Jules Helbronner. Brown Chamberlin. Ottawa, 1890.

Le Società Coöperative di Produzione. Fratelli Dumolard. Milano, 1889.

Di Ugo Rabbeno.

How to Coöperate. By Herbert Myrick. Orange Judd Co. New York, 1891.

Coöperative Life: A Course of Lectures. By M. E. Sadler and others. Coöperative Printing Society. London, 1889.

The Coöperative Movement in Great Britain. By Beatrice Potter. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. London, 1891.

The Wages Question: A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Class. By Francis A. Walker. Henry Holt & Co. New York, 1891.

Methods of Industrial Remuneration. By David F. Schloss. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1892.

The Conflicts of Capital and Labour. By George Howell, M. P. Second Revised edition. Macmillan & Co. London, 1890.

The Eight Hours Day. By Sidney Webb, LL. B., and Harold Cox, B. A. Walter Scott. London.

The Modern Factory System. By R. Whately Cooke Taylor. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. London, 1891.

Public Finance. By C. F. Bastable, LL. D. Macmillan & Co. London, 1892.

Taxation in American States and Cities. By Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. Assisted by John H. Finley, A. B. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. New York, 1888.