and gave an elaborate report, replete with interest to the student of geology and to the miner, which was subsequently published in "The Geological Transactions," edited by" Archibald Bruce."

These mines have also been examined by all, or nearly all, of the professors of geology and gentlemen of science. Among the most prominent and distinguished are Professors Dana, Hitchcock, Mead, Shephard, and Clark. They all concur in the opinion that this property furnishes evidences of mineral wealth of no ordinary character. During the present season, Professors Hitchcock and Clark have made a survey and report, in which they confirm all that had been previously written by themselves and their predecessors. But it is not to be supposed that an examination of a day or two, by gentlemen however competent, would disclose to them the undeveloped resources of this great store-house of nature, where the embelishments of "The Creative Power" have been deposited for the benefit and gratification of man.

In the notices and reports of my predecessors they have described the vein as being seven or eight feet wide. In this they were evidently mistaken, as recent developments clearly indicate the vein to be sixty-six feet wide at Southampton, and caused undoubtedly by all the veins uniting and forming a cross section. In Easthampton it is about forty-five feet wide, in consequence of five veins uniting at that point. Much of this vein is made up of vein stone. In the recent workings about ten feet of what was formerly considered granite was removed and found to be smoky and radiated quartz, with large quantities of galena intermixed. Much of the gangue resembles honey-comb, and is composed exclusively of quartz crystals. On the outside of this there is a beautiful snuff-like gossin of about two feet in thickness, which was supposed to be the matrix, but on working through this, lead was again found. From this point we measured east across the vein sixty-six feet, most of which is vein-stone. In our examinations we find the following minerals:

Sulphate of barytes in veins of galena; agate, on which are quartz crystals; rhombspar, in veins of galena traversing granite, fluate of lime, in sulphate of barytes and granite, associated with galena, quartz, &c.

Large quantities of radiated quartz often constitute the gangue of the lode, or matrix.

Cavities formed of quartz crystals exist in the matrix or gangue of the lode. These are extremely beautiful, surpassing anything heretofore discovered in America.

Adularia, in the same granite which contains galena, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, green, or blue.

Talc, with sulphate of barytes, green, compact and soft steatile.

Pyritous, carbonate, and malichite of copper, in small quantities, discriminated or in lodes in the veins.

Sulphurate of lead, portions of which are highly argentiferous, with quartz crystalized, containing little silver, and traversing primitive rocks 66 feet wide at Southampton, and extending several miles, opening and contracting at various points, but they offer no inducement to practical miners, except in the towns of South, North, and East Hampton. This vein is made up of quartz, with ore disseminated through it, and forming regular lodes or veins of metal. We also found sulphate of lead, and olybdiate of lead.

Carbonated muriate of lead, in groups of green crystals on galena; also Phosphate of lead and sulphate of zinc, both massive and finely crystalized. The ore of this mine is all more or less argentiferous. On analysis it produced to the ton of ore, as follows:

silver. In addition, the gangue on which there was no lead perceptible to the eye produced 35 oz. of silver per ton. Other specimens produced only a small trace of silver, if any; and I am of the opinion that it will be necessary to work the ore on a large scale before it can be ascertained what the yield will be. The yield of lead is very uniform, varying from 67 to 77 per cent from pure ore.

This is, according to Prof. Silliman, the best locality of argentine in the United States. Fotid Quartz is found in small masses in it, and upon it.

From the foregoing statement it will readily be perceived that these mines must continue to be a place of resort to the student, and one in which the man of science will feel a deep interest, increasing as knowledge becomes diffused, and the power of science shall be opened up to the masses, especially when our sons and our grandsons

and our posterity shall become learned in the sciences of geology, mineralogy, metalurgy and chemistry, when the education of our sons shall receive the fostering care of the State and general government, when every town, county, and State shall have their polytechnic schools, where all the branches of useful knowledge pertaining to mining shall be taught, when men with clear heads and strong hands shall lecture to the rising generation, and give ocular demonstration of what they seek to inculcate, when progressive intelligence shall enable the chemist, in times of drought and famine, to go forth with his chemical apparatus, and extract from the earth the chemical principles to sustain animal life. Even then the beautiful productions of nature at the Southampton mines will offer an inducement for further research into this great undeveloped storehouse of nature, and afford ample grounds for reflection, such as animated the poet Cowper, in the following beautiful lines:

"Deep in unfathomable mines

Of never failing skill,

He treasures up his bright designs,
And works his gracious will."

You may charge me with making overdrafts upon fancy, but we are admonished to hope, and believe in many things that would have been deemed a heresy in our

ancestors..

Since my last notice of these mines, they have been purchased by gentlemen of wealth and of acknowledged business capacity. Large appropriations of money have been made to prosecute the work in them. The mine is managed by an experienced and energetic Captain, Samuel Pinch, formerly of the Cornish mines. He is instructed by the proprietors to work the mines with efficient men, and as great a force as can be judiciously employed until Spring. Three shifts every twenty-four hours, working night and day. I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,

CHARLES STEARNS, Prof. of Geology, &c.

THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS,

NUMBER V.

MANUFACTURE OF GLASS IN THE UNITED STATES, ETC.

The last number of our series of articles upon this highly interesting subject-interesting both as concerns the various features of the manufacture, and as indicative of the progress of the art in the successive ages of the world's history-closed the sketch of the rise and progress of the manufacture of flint glass. Our sketch has covered the ground so far as time would allow, from the introduction of the art into Egypt, through its trasnfer to Tyre and Sidon, and from thence in its order to Rome, Venice, France, and finally into England.

The reader will notice that this progress, like that of many others, is almost identical, for a time at least, with the gradual extension of conquest, and especially with this, as connected with the extension of the Roman sway.

We now reach the period of its introduction into the western continent, and propose giving an outline of its gradual extension, and characteristics in our own land.

It was shortly after the close of the revolutionary struggle, we think about the year 1790, that the late Robert Hewes, a well-known citizen of Boston, made, probably, the first attempt to establish a glass manufactory on this continent. This manufactory was modeled upon the German system. Mr. Hewes carried his works to the fuel, and erected his factory in the then forest of New Hampshire. The writer well remembers when a boy hearing Mr. Hewes relate, that when building his glass works, the tracks of bears were frequently seen in the morning, in and around his works.

From the best information in our possession, we think that to Mr. Robert Hewes must be conceded the first attempt to establish glass making in the United States, or in the western world. The aim of Mr. Hewes, was doubtless to supply the most important and necessary article made of glass, and called for by the immediate wants of the people, viz: window glass. It ended however in disappointment to the projector,

probably from the frequent error of carrying such works into the interior, to the vicinity of fuel, or from lack of skill on the part of the workmen.

This attempt was followed about the year 1800, by Messrs. Whalley, Hunnewell, and their associates, and by the workmen Plumback and Cooper, who erected a large factory in Essex-st., Boston, for the purpose of making the Crown Window Glass. This was without success, until a German, of the name of Lint, arrived in the year 1803, and from this period there was great success in the manufacture, for the State of Massachusetts, to encourage the manufacture of window glass, paid the proprietors a bounty on every table of glass made by them. This was done to counteract the effect of the bounty paid by England on the exportation of glass from that kingdom. The State bounty had the effect to encourage the proprietors and sustain their efforts, so that by perseverance many difficulties were overcome, and a well earned reputation supported for the strength and clearness of their glass-a glass superior to the imported, and well known throughout the United States as " Boston Window Glass." This reputation they steadily sustained, until they made glass in their new works at South Boston, in the year 1822.

From the founding of this establishment may be dated the founding of all the Crown and Cylinder, Window and Flint Glass Works in the Atlantic States. Indeed, this may be considered the fruitful parent tree, of the many branches now so widely spread abroad.

The wonderful mystery attached to the art of glass making, seems to have followed its introduction into this country. The glass blower was considered a magician, and myriads visited the newly erected works, and coming away with a somewhat improved idea of an unmentionable place and its occupants; and the man who could compound the materials to make glass, was looked upon as an alchemist who could transmute base metal into pure gold.

The fame of the works spread into a neighboring State, and in 1810 or 1811, a company was formed in Utica, to establish glass works in that place, and quite a number of workmen in the Essex-st. Works were induced to leave their employ and break their indentures from the offer of increased wages-while, however, on their way and just before they reached the State line, they, with the agent, were arrested, brought back, and expensive law suits incurred. The Utica Works were abandoned and, we believe, never revived.

Subsequently another company was formed in New York, being influenced by a fallacious view of the silicious sand. This company erected their works at Sandy Lake a locality abounding both in silex and fuel. A few years trial convinced the proprietors that the place was ill chosen, and after the experience of heavy losses, it was abandoned.

A Doctor Adams, of Richmond, Virginia, made large offers of increased wages to the workmen of the Essex st. Works, who were thus induced to abandon their place of work and violate their indentures. They succeeded in reaching Richmond to try their fortune under the auspices of the Doctor. A few years experience convinced them of the fallacy of increased pay, for after very heavy losses, the works were abandoned and the workmen thrown out of employ. The proprietors of the Essex-st. Works had engaged workmen in the meantime at a very heavy expense from England -a most difficult task-for the English government made it a penal offense to entice workmen to leave the kingdom at that period.

In 1811, the proprietors of the Essex-st. Works erected large and improved works on the shore at South Boston, to supply the workmen enticed away, and also to meet the wants of their factory, an agent was sent to England to procure a set of glass workers. By the time they reached this country the war with England broke out, and the enterprise was thus defeated; for it became difficult to procure fuel and the various means for carrying on the Essex-st. Works.

The making of window glass in Boston led to the introduction of the manufacture of flint glass, arising from the excess of window glass blowers brought into the country by the enterprise of the Boston Window Glass Company, many among the number from Europe had worked more or less in flint glass works, (no unusual thing in England,) for a good flint glass blower, with manual strength, can fill the part of a window glass blower, and exceedingly well.

Among the number was a Mr. Thomas Caines, now living at South Boston, having retired from the business with an independent property, the honest fruit of his skill and industry, he may truly be considered as the father of the flint glass business in the Atlantic States.

Mr. Caines proved competent to the task, not only as a first rate workmen, but pos

sessed the art of mixing the materials and being able to sustain all the other departments appertaining to the business, he prevailed upon the proprietors to erect a small six-pot flint furnace in part of their large unoccupied manufactory in South Boston.

At that time the articles of flint glass imported by the earthenware trade, were confined to a very few articles, such as German straw tumblers, cruets, salts, and plain decanters of cheap fabric, of the finer articles, to cut finger tumblers, sham diamond cut dishes, and Rodney decanters; a quality of glass and cutting that would not at the present day command one fifth of their then cost.

War having interrupted the importation of glass, the manufactory supplied the then limited demand and gave full employ for their factory.

Contemporaneous with the South Boston enterprise, a company was formed and incorporated under the title of the Porcelain and Glass Manufacturing Company. Their factory was located at East Cambridge, then called Cragie's Point. Their chion department was directed by a Mr. Braitan, but for want of proper materials it proved an entire failure. Their glass works were under the direction of a Mr. Thompson, who built a small six-pot furnace, similar in size to the one at South Boston. Thompson brought out a set of hands at a heavy expense, to work the furnace, but the result proved he was in no way qualified for the task, nor possessed the least practical skill or knowledge of the business, and of course proving an entire failure; the attempt to make porcelain and glass was abandoned by the company.

In 1815, some of the workmen left the South Boston Factory and hired of the Porcelain Company their six-pot furnace, and commenced the making of flint glass under the firm of Emmet, Fisher & Flowers. They succeeded for a time very well, and turned out glass suitable for the trade; but want of concert of action prevented a successful result, and they dissolved without loss. The Porcelain Company discouraged by so may failures, agreed to wind up their concern, and in November, 1817, they .disposed of their entire property at public auction.

As one manufactory dies out only to give place to another, so the present New England Glass Company was formed, and became the purchasers of the Porcelain works. That Company, from 1817 to the present time, have pursued the business with signal success, beginning with the small capital of forty thousand dollars, they have from time to time increased it, until it amounts at the present time to half a million of dollars. They commenced business with a small six pot furnace holding 700 lbs. to each pot-employed, all told, about forty hands, and the yearly product did not exceed forty thousand dollars. They now run five furnaces, averaging ten pots to each ca pacity of 2,000 lbs. to each pot. They employ over 500 men and boys, and the yearly product is not less than $500,000.

In 1820, some of their workmen left them, built a factory in New York City, and conducted their business under the firm of Fisher & Gillerland. In 1823, Gillerland dissolved the connection and built on his own account a manufactory in Brooklyn, N. Y., which he conducts at this period with great skill and success, and is considered the best metal mixer in the United States.

In 1825, a Flint Glass Manufactory was established by individual enterprise in Sandwich, Mass. Ground was broke in April, dwellings for the workmen built, and mauufactory completed; and on the 4th day of July, 1825, they commenced blowing glass, three months from first breaking ground. In the following year it was purchased of the proprietor, a company formed, and incorporated under the title of Boston and Sanwich Glass Company. Like their predecessors, they commenced in a small way: beginning with an eight-pot furnace, each holding 800 lbs. The weekly melts at that period did not exceed 7,000 lbs., and yearly product $75,000, giving employment to from 60 to 70 hands. From time to time, as their business warranted, they increased their capital until it reached the present sum of three hundred thousand dollars. Their weekly melts have increased from 7,000 lbs. to much over 100,000 lbs; their hands employed from 70 to over 400; their one furnace of 8 pots to 4 furnaces of 10 pots; and yearly product from $75,000 to $500,000.

In 1820, another secession of workmen from the New England Glass Company took place, to embark on their own account their savings of many years, in the doubtful enterprise of establishing flint glass works in Kensington, Philadelphia, under the title of the Union Flint Glass Company. The proprietors being all workmen, were enthusiastic in the project, happy in the belief that they could carry it on successfully, work when convenient, and enjoy much leisure. All was then to them sunshine. Ere long they realized the many inherent evils attendant on flint glass works; the demon of discord appeared among them, and they discovered, when too late, that they had left a place of comfort and ease for a doubtful enterprise. Death thinned their rauks, and

the works after passing into other hands, for a short trial, have years since ceased to exist.

From 1820 to 1840, very many attempts were made by corporations and firms, to establish the manufacture of flint glass in the Atlantic States, but almost with entire failure. The parent tree, the old South Boston concern failed-the works were revived from time to time, by at least five different concerns, and all ended in failure; and for years the works remained closed, till the present occupant, Mr. Patrick Slane, hired the premises, and by his enterprise and great industry has greatly enlarged the works, and is now carrying on a large and active business. In his factory we learn the old system among the operatives he does not allow to have a foothold, and the individual industry of his hands is not cramped or limited, by the oppressive system of the old school operative.

As a record of the past and a reference for the future, we find in reviewing the various attempts to establish flint glass works in the Atlantic States, that it would not be just to place the names of those identified with them before the reader, for many were deluded by the proprietors with promises of the most flattering success, but realized only disappointment and loss.

In enumerating all the concerns, companies, and corporations, that have been engaged in the manufacture of flint glass in the Atlantic States, we find the number was forty-two; of which number, two concerns have retired, and ten are now in operation, viz. two at East Cambridge, three at South Boston, one at Sandwich, three near New York City, one at Philadelphia, leaving two concerns who retired with property, and twenty-eight out of the forty-two concerns entire failures, involving the parties interested in heavy loss, the fate of the existing ten to be determined by future events.

Before closing, we may allude to the repeated failure of permanently establishing window and bottle glass works in this vicinity; the primary cause has been in the construction of the furnace, no improvement for centuries having taken place, but the old defective plan being adhered to by workmen from Europe; a casual observer must see they are defective, and consume double the quantity of fuel really required for the weekly melts. The rate of wages for experienced workmen, about two-fold over the German rates, has heretofore checked success, but at the present time is more than compensated by machinery and materials.

The manufacture of plate glass offers a profitable and inviting field that should be improved, the consumption in this country is large and increasing yearly. Materials are cheaper than in Europe, and as the most essential part is performed by machinery and motive power, this more than equalized the extra wages that may be taxed upon a new undertaking.

THE AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINES.

D. J.

The discovery of gold in Australia was made three years ago, by a Mr. Smith, who was engaged in collecting iron ore. It is said that he proceeded to the government house at Sydney, on making the discovery, with a lump of gold in his hand, and offered to point out where the precious metal could be found, if the government would handsomely reward him. The authorities thought this a trick and paid no attention to his statements. In April of last year, Mr. Hargraves, who had been in California, again made the discovery of gold, and reported it to the colonial authorities, pointing out certain localities, which have since become famous for the richness of the golden deposit. The government surveyor was ordered to accompany Mr. Hargraves in his explorations, and after a few hours' examination, he reported that he "had seen enough-gold was everywhere plentiful." A proclamation was at once issued, forbidding any person to dig or search for gold without a goverment license. These licenses were readily sold, and then commenced the excitement and scramble for gold -a repetition of such scenes as were witnessed in our own country when California first opened its golden gates.

The acquisition of the precious metals in Australia, has been, if we may credit accounts from thence, much easier and surer than in California. It has been found in lumps and quantities almost exceeding belief. It is well authenticated that a Dr. Kerr found a lump weighing, with dross, three hundred pounds, and which yielded one hundred and six pounds of pure gold! It was purchased by Messrs. Thacker & Co., of Sydney, for $16,000, and was sent to an eminent firm in London. The London Illustrated News contains a picture and description of the "king of the nuggets," a lump of pure gold, from Australia, which weighs twenty-seven-and-a-half pounds. It