and the provisions of law, applicable to a warrant of attachment, issued out of that court, apply to a warrant, issued as prescribed in this section, and to the proceedings to procure it, and after it has been issued; except as otherwise specified in the judgment. A judgment in favor of the plaintiff, in such an action, must correspond to a judgment, rendered as prescribed in the last section, except that it must direct the sale of the chattel by an officer to whom an execution issued out of the court, may be directed, and the payment of the surplus, if its safe keeping is necessary, to the county treasurer, for the benefit of the owner. See §§ 1-3, L. 1869. § 1741. Application of this article. This article does not affect any existing right or remedy to foreclose or satisfy a lien upon a chattel, without action; and it does not apply to a case, where another mode of enforcing a lien upon a chattel is specially prescribed by law. 462 CHAPTER XV. Special Provisions, Regulating Other Particular Actions and Rights of Action, and Actions by or Against Particular Parties. TITLE I. Matrimonial Actions. TITLE II.-Actions Relating to a Corporation. TITLE III-Actions Relating to the Estate of a Decedent. TITLE I. Matrimonial Actions. Article 1. Action to annul a void or voidable marriage. 2. Action for a divorce. 3. Action for a separation. 4. Provisions applicable to two or more of the actions specified in this title. ARTICLE FIRST. Action to annul a void or voidable marriage. See. 1742. Action by woman, married under 16, to annul marriage. 1743. In what other cases marriage may be annulled. 1744. Action when party was under the age of consent. 1745. Id.; when former husband or wife was living. 1746. Id.; where party was an idiot.. 1747. Id.; where party was a lunatic. 1748 Action by next friend of idiot or lunatic. 1749. Issue; when entitled to succeed, etc. 1750. Action on the ground of force, fraud, etc. 1751. Custody, maintenance, etc., of is no of such a marriage. 1752. Action on the ground of physical neapacity. 1753. Certain proceedings regulated in action to annul marriage. 1754. Judgment annulling a marriage, how far conclusive. 1755. How next friend of infant, lunatic, etc., allowed to sue, etc. § 1742. [Am'd, 1887.] Action by woman, married under 16, to annul marriage. An action may be maintained, by the woman, to procure a judgment, declaring a marriage contract void, and annulling the marriage, under the following circumstances: 1. Where the plaintiff had not attained the age of sixteen years at the time of the marriage. 2. Where the marriage took place without the consent of her father, mother, guardian, or other person having the legal charge of her person. 3. Where it was not followed by consummation or cohabitation, and was not ratified by any mutual assent of the parties, after the plaintiff attained the age of sixteen years. 11587, cb. 22; B. 1841, ch. 237 (4 Edm. 512), am'd. See, also, 2 R. S. 149, 21 (2 la 148). See Dom. Rel. Law, ch. 272, L. 1896, in which age of consent is made eighteen years; but does not amend ch. 22, L 1887; 82 App. Div, 335. § 1743. In what other cases marriage may be annulled. An action may also be maintained to procure a judgment, declaring a marriage contract void and annulling the marriage, før either of the following causes, existing at the time of the mar riage: 1. That one or both of the parties had not attained the age of legal consent. 2. That the former husband or wife of one of the parties was living, and that the marriage with the former husband or wife was then in force. 3. That one of the parties was an idiot or a lunatic. 4. That the consent of one of the parties was obtained by force, duress, or fraud. 5. That one of the parties was physically incapable of entering into the marriage state. But an action can be maintained, under this subdivision, only where the incapacity continues, and is incurable. 2 R. S. 142, § 20 (2 Edm. 147). § 1744. Action when party was under the age of consent. An action to annul a marriage, on the ground that one of the parties had not attained the age of legal consent, may be maintained by the infant, or by either parent of the infant, or by the guardian of the infant's person; or the court may allow the action to be maintained by any person, as the next friend of the infant. But a marriage shall not be annulled, at the suit of a party who was of the age of legal consent when it was contracted, or where it appears that the parties, for any time after they attained that age, freely cohabited as husband and wife. 2 R. S. 142, § 21 (2 Edm. 148), am'd. See, also, § 26, and §§ 1748 and 1755, post. § 1745. [Am'd, 1882.] Id.; when former husband or wife was living. An action to annul a marriage, upon the ground that the former husband or wife of one of the parties was living, the former marriage being in force, may be maintained by either of the parties during the life-time of the other, or by the former husband or wife. Where it appears, and the judgment determines, that the subsequent marriage was contracted by at least one of the parties thereto in good faith, and with the full belief that the former husband or wife was dead, or without any knowledge on the part of the innocent party of such former marriage, the issue of the subsequent marriage, born or begotten before the final judgment, are deemed for all purposes the legitimate children of the parent who at the time of the marriage was competent to contract, and are entitled to succeed as such, in the same manner as other legitimate children, to the real and personal estate of said parent; and the issue so entitled must be specified in the judgment, and the innocent party must be awarded their custody, and he or she is entitled to appoint a guardian of their persons by will. This section shall be construed to extend to all cases where the judgment or decree of nullity of such subsequent marriage is rendered after the passage of this act whether such subsequent marriage was contracted before or after the passage hereof. Id., §§ 22 and 23, consolidated and am'd. § 1746. Id.; where party was an idiot. An action to annul a marriage, on the ground that one of the parties thereto was an idiot, may be maintained, at any time c. 15, t. 1, a. 1 MARRIANT during the life-time of either party, by any relative of the idiot, who has an interest to avoid the marriage. 2 R. S. 142, § 24. § 1747. Id.; where party was a lunatic. An action to annul a marriage, on the ground that one of the parties thereto was a lunatic, may be maintained, at any time during the continuance of the lunacy, or, after the death of the lunatic, in that condition, and during the life of the other party to the marriage, by any relative of the lunatic, who has an interest to avoid the marriage. Such an action may also be maintained by the lunatic, at any time after restoration to a sound mind; but in that case, the marriage should not be annulled, if it appears that the parties freely cohabited as husband and wife, after the lunatic was restored to a sound mind. Id., §§ 25 and 27, consolidated. § 1748. Action by next friend of idiot or lunatic. Where no relative of the idiot or lunatic brings an action to annul the marriage, as prescribed in either of the last two sections, the court may allow an action for that purpose to be maintained, at any time during the life-time of both the parties to the marriage, by any person as the next friend of the idiot or lunatic. But this section does not apply, where the marriage might have been annulled, at the suit of the lunatic, as prescribed in the last section. Id., § 26. See, also, § 1744, ante, and § 1755, post. § 1749. [Am'd, 1903.] Issue: when entitled to succeed, etc. A child of a marriage, which is annulled on the ground of the idiocy or lunacy of one of its parents, is deemed, for all purposes, the legitimate child of the parent who is of sound mind. A child of a marriage, which is annulled on the ground that one or both of the parties had not attained the age of legal consent, is deemed, for all purposes, the legitimate child of both parents. Id., § 28; L. 1903, ch. 225. In effect Sept. 1, 1903. § 1750. Action on the ground of force, fraud, etc. An action to annul a marriage, on the ground that the consent of one of the parties thereto was obtained by force, duress, or fraud, may be maintained, at any time, by the party whose consent was so obtained. Such an action may also be maintained, during the life-time of the other party, by the parent or the guardian of the person of the party, whose consent was so obtained, or by any relative of that party, who has an interest to avoid the marriage. But a marriage shall not be annulled on the ground of force or duress, if it appears that, at any time before the commencement of the action, the parties thereto voluntarily cohabited as husband and wife; or on the ground of fraud, if it appears that, at any time before the commencement thereof, the parties voluntarily cohabited as husband and wife, with a full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud. Id., §§ 30 and 31, am'd; L. 1862, ch. 246. See § 1743, ante. § 1751. Custody, maintenance, etc., of issue of such a marriage. The court must, upon the application of the plaintiff, award the custody of the children of a marriage, which is annulled on the ground of force, duress, or fraud, to the innocent parent, unless it appears that the latter is unfit. for any reason, to have the MARRIAGE. c. 15, a. 1, t. 1 custody of one or more of the children, in which case the court must give such directions relating thereto, as the interests of the child or children require. The judgment may make provision for the education and maintenance of the children, out of the property of the guilty parent. 2 R. S. 142, § 32, am'd. § 1752. [Am'd, 1895.] Action on the ground of physical incapacity. An action to annul a marriage, on the ground that one of the parties was physically incapable of entering into the marriage state, may be maintained by the injured party against the party whose incapacity is alleged; or such an action may be maintained by the party who was incapable against the other party, provided the incapable party was unaware of the incapacity at the time of marriage, or if aware of such incapacity, did not know it was incurable. Such an action must be commenced before five years have expired since the marriage. L. 1895, ch. 809. § 1753. Certain proceedings regulated in action to annul marriage. In an action brought as prescribed in this article, a final judgment, annulling the marriage, shall not be rendered by default, for want of an appearance or pleading, or upon the trial of an issue, without proof of the facts, upon which the allegation of nullity is founded. And the declaration or confession of either party to the marriage is not alone sufficient as proof; but other satisfactory evidence of the facts must be produced. In such an action, except where it is founded upon an allegation of the physical incapacity of one of the parties thereto, the court must, upon the application of either of the parties, make an order directing the trial, by a jury. of all the issues of fact; or it may of its own motion, make an order directing the trial, by a jury, of one or more issues of fact; for which purpose, the questions to be tried must be prepared and settled as prescribed in section 970 of this act. Id., §§ 35 and 36 in part. See 2 R. S. 175, § 45 (2 Edm. 181); see, also, §§ 1012 and 1229, ante, and § 1757, post. § 1754. Judgment annulling a marriage; how far conclusive. A final judgment, annulling a marriage, rendered during the lifetime of both the parties, is conclusive evidence of the invalidity of the marriage in every court of record or not of record, in any action or special proceeding, civil or criminal. Such a judgment, rendered after the death of either party to the marriage, is conclusive only as against the parties to the action, and those claiming under them. Id., § 37. § 1755. How next friend of infant, lunatic, etc., allowed to sue, etc. An order, allowing a person to maintain an action, as the next friend of an infant, as prescribed in section 1744 of this act, or as the next friend of an idiot or lunatic, as prescribed in section 1748 of this act, may be granted by the court, in its discretion, without notice, or upon notice to such persons and in such a manner, as 466 |