The accompanying table gives the quan-
tity and value of the principal products as
reported in the latest census.
Poultry and Eggs.-The Census of 1910
gave the production of poultry in the Unit-
ed States, in 1909, as 488.468.354.
enumeration covered chickens, guinea fowls,
turkeys, geese, ducks, pigeons and peafowls.
The total value of fowls raised during 1909
was reported at the Census of 1910 to be
$202,506,272, or an increase of 47.9 per
cent. over the total value reported ten
years earlier.
According to the Census of 1910, Illinois
was the leading state in the number of fowls
raised during 1909, the number being 32,-
352,888. Missouri ranked second in this re-
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES
Cereals (b) t..... Bush.
Cheese:
8,067,465,000 (e) 588,925,000
7,186,000 (a) 100,676,000
15,559,000 (c) 19,540,000
70,071,000 (c) 779,068,000
54,109,000 (j) 56,814,000
729,000 17,364,000
2,440,000 7,040,000
19,415,816 18,271,929
12,086,000 () 11,941,000
7,129,294 10,963,739
15,480,170 10,299,495
405,921,000 (c) 198,600,000
56,574,000 (c) 41,294,000
23,619,000 (c) 21,849,000
1,025,816 6,925,122
6,671,348 15,137,683
722,000 (k) 67,378,000
243,000 (k) 22,647,000
1,034,679,000 (c)101,411,000
209,548,021
Vegetables, Mis..
Wool (unwashed) † Pounds
290,192,000 (m) 53,395,000
* Figures reported for the Census of 1910. † Figures
for 1914. (a) Farm price Nov. 15, 1914. (b) Not includ-
ing rice. (c) Farm price Dec. 1, 1914. (d) Included in
orchard products. (e) Average price for the year. (f) In-
cluding wax. (g) $656,301,246 was the aggregate value of
milk, butter and cheese by the Census of 1910. (h) Made
in factories: the product on farms and plantations in 1909
was 4,153 gallons, valued at $1,710. (i) Not including pea-
nuts. (i) Farm price Aug. 15, 1914. (k) Based on the
export value of refined, for year ending June 30, 1915.
(1) Louisiana only. (m) Farm price June 15, 1914.
Sheep and lambs..
Swine....
All domestic animals..194,140,000
603,109,000
$5,501,783,000
By the Census of 1910 there were on farms and
ranges in United States 61,803,866 neat cattle,
cows, bulls, etc., valued at $1,499,523,607; horses
and colts, 19,833,113, valued at $2,083,588,195;
mules, 4,209,769, valued at $525,391,863; asses
and burros, 105,698, valued at $13,200,112; sheep
and lambs, 52,447,861, valued at $232,841,585;
swine, 58,185,676, valued at $399,338,308; goats,
2,915,125, valued at $6,176,423.
TOTAL ANNUAL YIELD OF CEREAL CHOPS IN RECENT YEARS. (Reported by the Department of Agriculture)
Oats
Barley
Rye
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
530,149,168 698,737,809 66,685,127 27,363,324 14,997,451
675,149,000 730,905,000 55,792,000 25,657,000 11,722,000
547,303,846 796,177,713 73,381,563 23,961,741 11,094,471
522,229,505 809,125,989 58,925,833
748,460,218 736,808,724 109,932,924
670,063,008 987,842,712 134,954,023
637,821,835 784,094,199
552,399,517 894,595,552
692,979,489
31,851,000 15,874,000
29,520,457 14,849,339
34,897,000 17,598,000
33,119,000 17,549,000
35,664,000 19,249,000
41,381,000 13,833,000
42,779,000 16,881,000
49,190,000 15,769,000
1,141,060,000
1,517,478,000
2,583,241,000 639,886,000 1,251,992,000
The Census of 1910 gives the following
farm statistics for the United States:
Farms, total number, 6,361,502; total
acres in farms, 878,798,325; improved
acres in farms, 478,451,750; value of land
in farms, $28,475,674,169; value of build-
ings on farms, $6,325,451,528; value of
implements and machinery on farms, $1,-
265,149,783 value per acre of land and
buildings, $39.60 value per acre of land
alone, $32.40. Value of wealth produced
on farms in 1915, estimated by Secretary
of Agriculture, $10,501,686,000.
Dairy Products.-The Thirteenth Census
presented the following condensed analysis
of the dairy industry of the United States
for the census year 1909:
Total number of cows kept for
21,795,770
Milk produced on farms, gals. 5,813,699,474
Total pounds of butter made. 1,619,415,263
Total pounds of cheese made. 320,532,181
Condensed milk produced, lbs. 494.796,544
The quantity of milk reported was pro-
duced on farms reporting 16,069,298 dairy
cows and does not include estimates for 4,-
556.134 cows reported as dairy cows by
farmers but for which no statement was
given of quantity of milk produced. In
many cases the reason for not giving the
quantity of milk produced was that the
farmers were unable to make even a rough
estimate. Generally speaking, however,
these cows were on farms in the western
and southern parts of the United States
where the production is likely to be less
than the average for other parts of the
country. Also, many cows reported as dairy
cows are as a matter of fact milked only
a very small part of the year. No estimate
Is included for the "cows kept for milk"
not on farms.
Agricultural Products:
Beet Sugar-
Culture of, 6865.
Production of, 6731.
Commerce with foreign countries in,
4973.
Commerce in, restrained by Great
Britain, 138.
Introduction of products of, into
Europe discussed, 5764.
Captured and forfeited referred to,
3666.
180,927,000 47,383,000 11,840,000
Commerce in, referred to, 4973.
Culture of, in—
African possessions of Portugal,
3864.
Discriminating duties on, from
British North American colonies
discussed, 996.
Duty on, Lord Aberdeen 's letter re-
garding, 1134.
Persons engaged in bringing out,
order regarding, 3439.
Exportation of, discussed, 5887, 5979,
6171.
Hay, exportation of, prohibited, 3476.
Order rescinding, 3532.
Referred to, 4800.
Duties on, discussed and referred
to, 1243, 1931, 2112, 2181, 2274,
2419.
Production of, in U. S., 6727, 6906.
Tobacco-
Duties on, in foreign ports, 1648,
1738, 1909, 2167, 2192, 2909, 3120.
Exportation of, to countries at
peace with United States, orders
regarding, 3379, 3434.
From Netherlands and Dutch col-
onies, tax on, discussed, 4979,
4986, 5088.
Growth, production, and trade of,
referred to, 2133.
Internal tax on, removal of, rec-
ommended, 5474.
Trade with foreign countries to be
promoted, 1588, 1713, 1822,
2167.
Referred to, 1806.
Prosperous state of, 978, 1747.
Reference to, 95, 175, 240, 3353.
Agriculture, Bureau of:
Appropriations
3996.
for, recommended,
Discussed, 3334, 3452, 3564, 4066,
4106, 4364, 4645, 4947, 5112, 5383.
Employees in—
To participate in decoration of
graves of soldiers, 4753, 4818,
4899, 5078, 5350.
To participate in dedication of
Washington Monument, 4879.
To witness inauguration of Presi
dent Cleveland, 4881.
Enlargement of facilities of, recom-
mended, 4530.
Establishment of, 3334.
Recommended, 2556, 2622, 2663,
2714, 3253.
Referred to, 4066, 4947.
Experiment stations, recommenda-
tions regarding, 5384, 5888, 5980.
Food adulteration discussed, 5384.
Seed distribution. (See Seed Distri
bution.)
Agriculture, Commissioner of:
Reply of, to Senate resolution regard-
ing diseases prevailing among
Reports of, referred to, 4158, 4364,
4428, 4432, 4462, 4578.
Agriculture, Department of. This De-
partment of the Executive Branch of the
Government had its origin in the recom-
mendation of Washington. As early as
Dec. 7, 1796, in his eighth annual address
(page 194) he said that "with reference
either to individual or national welfare
agriculture is of primary importance," and
at the same time urged the importance
of the "establishment of boards
charged with collecting and diffusing in-
formation, and enabled by premiums and
small pecuniary aids to encourage and as-
sist a spirit of discovery and improve-
ment. The sentiments expressed by
Washington were reiterated and enlarged
upon by all or nearly all of his successors
(pages 3776, 4457, 4530, 4947, 5112).
From the very beginning of the Govern-
ment its foreign representatives had sent
home seeds and cuttings of agricultural
products to be tried in the United States,
and in 1839 Congress made an appropria-
tion of $1,000 for the distribution of ma-
terial thus collected and for the publica-
tion of agricultural statistics. This work
was entrusted to the Patent Office, which
belonged to the Department of State until
1840, when the Department of the Interior
was established and the Patent office be-
came a part of it. Up to 1849 the agri-
cultural work was carried on by the Com-
missioner of Patents, Henry L. Ellsworth,
but from that time until 1861, a special
official, under the direction of the Commis-
sioner, was employed for the work.
May 15, 1862, an act was approved
which created the Department of Agricul
ture, the duties of which were to "diffuse
useful information on subjects connected
with agriculture in the most general and
comprehensive sense of the word, and to
procure, propagate, and distribute among
the people new and valuable seeds and
plants." It was provided that the head
of this bureau should be a Commissioner
of Agriculture, to hold office by a tenure
similar to that of other civil officers ap-
pointed by the President.
The bureau was made a full executive
department by an act of Congress ap-
proved Feb. 9, 1889, and placed under
a Secretary, who was made a member of
the President's Cabinet. To promote the
agricultural interests of the country in the
most thorough manner an act of Congress
approved March 2, 1887, provided for the
establishment of agricultural experiment
stations (see Agricultural Colleges and
Experimental Stations), in connection with
the agricultural colleges in the several
states and territories, and placed the Com-
missioner of Agriculture over these sta-
tions in an advisory and administrative
capacity.
To represent the Department of Agricul-
ture in its relation with these experiment
stations, the Office of Experiment Stations
was established in the same year.
The Agricultural colleges established in
the several states and territories in ac-
cordance with the land grant act of Con-
gress of July 2, 1862, have no organic
relation to the Department of Agriculture
further than that the agricultural experi-
ment stations are generally departments of
the agricultural colleges, and that the presi-
dent of each of these colleges is obliged to
make an annual report to the Secretary of
Agriculture.
The Weather Bureau (q. v.), an impor-
tant branch of the Department, was au-
thorized by Congress Feb. 4, 1870, under
the direction of the War Department, but
by an act of Oct. 1, 1890, it was trans-
ferred to the Department of Agriculture.
Some other important bureaus are:
Bureau of Animal Industry (established
in 1884), which, besides its investigations to
improve the condition of the animal in-
dustries of the country, has wide powers
of inspection and supervision as to the
health of live stock. (See Animal Indus-
try, Bureau of.)
Bureau of Forestry (1881), which has
charge of the administration of the na-
tional forest reserves. (See Forest Service.)
Bureau of Entomology (1863), which ob-
tains and disseminates information regard-
ing injurious insects and their relation to
plant and animal life.
Bureau of Chemistry (1862), whose work
includes the investigation of food products
imported into the United States, analysis
of adulterated products, and experiments
to determine the effect of adulterants upon
the human system.
Bureau of Statistics, organized as the Di-
vision of Statistics in 1863 and made a
bureau in 1903. This bureau is the old-
est distinctively statistical agency of the
Government, its work being the fathering
of material of interest to the agriculturist,
from all parts of the world.
Agricultural Colleges.-Large tracts of
land in the northwest territory were grant-
ed to the states formed therefrom, to be
sold by the legislatures or by the Federal
Government for educational purposes. As
early as 1785 Congress, foreshadowing the
permanent policy of the nation in encour-
aging education, enacted that one thirty-
sixth of all the public lands should be set
apart for and dedicated to the cause of
education, and by the act of July 23, 1787,
this reservation was made perpetual.
further to encourage and dignify the sci-
ence of husbandry. Congress, by the Mor-
rill Act of July 2, 1862, provided "that
there be granted to the several states...
an amount of public land, to be appor-
tioned to each state a quantity equal to
30,000 acres for each Senator and Repre-
sentative in Congress to which the states
are respectively entitled by the apportion-
ment under the census of 1860," but ex-
cepting mineral lands, to found colleges
of agriculture and the mechanical arts.
This act was amended by an act of March
3, 1833, which provided that all money
derived by the states from the sale of
land apportioned by the general Govern-
ment must be invested in stocks of the
United States or in the several states,
or in some safe manner to be prescribed
by the legislature of the several states
in such a manner as to yield not less than
five per cent., the principal to remain for-
ever inviolate and undiminished.
By an act approved Aug. 30, 1890, Con-
gress provided an annual appropriation of
$15,000 for the year ending June 30, 1890,
and an annual increase of this amount for
ten years by an additional sum of $1,000
over the preceding year, the annual amount
to be paid thereafter to each state or ter
ritory to be $25,000. This appropriation
must, however, be applied only to in-
struction in agriculture, the mechanical
arts, the English language, and the various
branches of mathematical, physical, natural
and economic science with special reference
to their application to the industries of life.
College instruction in agriculture is
given in the colleges and universities re-
ceiving the benefits of the acts of Congress
of July 2, 1862, August 30, 1890, and
March 4, 1907, which are now in opera-
tion in all the states and territories ex-
cept Alaska, The total number of these
institutions is sixty-eight, of which sixty-
five maintain courses of instruction in agri-
culture. In twenty-three states the agricul
tural colleges are departments of the state
universities. In sixteen states and terri-
tories separate institutions having courses
in agriculture are maintained for the colored
race. All of the agricultural colleges for
white persons and several of those for ne-
groes offer four-year courses in agriculture
and its related sciences leading to bachelors'
degrees, and many provide for graduate
study. About sixty of these institutions
also provide special short, or correspond-
ence, courses in the different branches of
agriculture, including agronomy, horticul-
ture, animal husbandry, poultry raising,
cheese making, dairying, sugar making, ru-
ral engineering, farm mechanics, and other
technical subjects. Officers of the agricul-
tural colleges engage quite largely in con-
ducting farmers' Institutes and various
other forms of college extension.
The agricultural experiment stations,
with very few exceptions, are departments
of the agricultural colleges. The total
number of persons engaged in the work of
education and research in the land-grant
colleges and the experiment stations in
1913 was 7,651, the number of students
(white) in interior courses in the colleges
of agriculture and mechanic arts, 47,216;
the total number of students in the whole
institutions, 88.408 (not including students
in correspondence courses and extension
schools), the number of students (white)
in the four-year college courses in agri-
culture, 12,462; the total number of stu-
dents in the institutions for negroes, 8.561,
of whom 1,795 were enrolled in agricul
tural courses. With a few exceptions,
each of these colleges offers free tuition
to residents of the state in which it is
located. In the excepted cases scholarships
are open to promising and energetic stu-
dents, and in all opportunities are found
for some to earn part of their expenses
by their own labor. The expenses are
from $125 to $300 for the school year.
Location of agricultural colleges (includ-
ing only institutions established under the
land-grant act of July 2, 1862):
Alabama-Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
Auburn.
Agricultural School of the Tuskegee Nor-
mal Industrial Institute, Tuskegee In-
stitute.
Agricultural and Mechanical College for
Negroes, Normal.
Arizona-University of Arizona, Tucson.
Arkansas-College of Agriculture of the
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
Branch Normal College, Pine Bluff.
California-College of Agriculture of the
University of California, Berkeley.
Colorado-The State Agricultural College of
Colorado, Fort Collins.
Connecticut-Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege, Storrs.
Delaware-Delaware College, Newark.
State College for Colored Students,
Dover.
Florida-College of Agriculture of the Uni-
versity of Florida, Gainesville.
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
lege for Negroes, Tallahassee.
Georgia-Georgia State College of Agricul
ture, Athens.
Georgia State Industrial College, Savan-
nah.
Hawaii College of Hawail, Honolulu.
Idaho College of Agriculture of the Uni-
versity of Idaho, Moscow.
Illinois-College of Agriculture of the Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana.
Indiana-School of Agriculture of Purdue
University, La Fayette.
Iowa Iowa State College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, Ames.
Kansas-Kansas State Agricultural Col-
lege, Manhattan.
Kentucky-The College af Agriculture of
the State University, Lexington.
The Kentucky Normal and Industrial
Institute for Colored Persons, Frank-
fort.
Louisiana-Louisiana State University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College,
Baton Rouge.
Southern University and Agricultural and
Mechanical College of the State of
Louisiana, Scotland Heights, Baton
Rouge.
Maine College of Agriculture of the Uni-
versity of Maine, Orono.
Maryland-Maryland Agricultural College,
College Park.
Princess Anne Academy, Eastern Branch
of the Maryland Agricultural College,
Princess Anne.
Massachusetts-Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Boston.
Michigan-Michigan Agricultural College,
East Lansing.
Minnesota-College of Agriculture of the
University of Minnesota, University
Farm, St. Paul.
Mississippi-Mississippi
Agricultural and
Mechanical College, Agricultural Col-
lege.
Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
lege, Alcorn.
Missouri College of Agriculture of the Uni-
versity of Missouri, Columbia.
School of Mines and Metallurgy of the
University of Missouri, Rolla.
Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City.
Montana-Montana State College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, Bozeman.
Nebraska-College of Agriculture of the
University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
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