The accompanying table gives the quan- tity and value of the principal products as reported in the latest census.
Poultry and Eggs.-The Census of 1910 gave the production of poultry in the Unit- ed States, in 1909, as 488.468.354. enumeration covered chickens, guinea fowls, turkeys, geese, ducks, pigeons and peafowls. The total value of fowls raised during 1909 was reported at the Census of 1910 to be $202,506,272, or an increase of 47.9 per cent. over the total value reported ten years earlier.
According to the Census of 1910, Illinois was the leading state in the number of fowls raised during 1909, the number being 32,- 352,888. Missouri ranked second in this re- AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES
Cereals (b) t..... Bush. Cheese:
8,067,465,000 (e) 588,925,000
7,186,000 (a) 100,676,000
15,559,000 (c) 19,540,000
70,071,000 (c) 779,068,000
54,109,000 (j) 56,814,000
729,000 17,364,000 2,440,000 7,040,000
19,415,816 18,271,929 12,086,000 () 11,941,000 7,129,294 10,963,739 15,480,170 10,299,495 405,921,000 (c) 198,600,000 56,574,000 (c) 41,294,000 23,619,000 (c) 21,849,000 1,025,816 6,925,122 6,671,348 15,137,683 722,000 (k) 67,378,000 243,000 (k) 22,647,000
1,034,679,000 (c)101,411,000 209,548,021
Vegetables, Mis.. Wool (unwashed) † Pounds
290,192,000 (m) 53,395,000
* Figures reported for the Census of 1910. † Figures for 1914. (a) Farm price Nov. 15, 1914. (b) Not includ- ing rice. (c) Farm price Dec. 1, 1914. (d) Included in orchard products. (e) Average price for the year. (f) In- cluding wax. (g) $656,301,246 was the aggregate value of milk, butter and cheese by the Census of 1910. (h) Made in factories: the product on farms and plantations in 1909 was 4,153 gallons, valued at $1,710. (i) Not including pea- nuts. (i) Farm price Aug. 15, 1914. (k) Based on the export value of refined, for year ending June 30, 1915. (1) Louisiana only. (m) Farm price June 15, 1914.
Sheep and lambs.. Swine....
All domestic animals..194,140,000
603,109,000 $5,501,783,000
By the Census of 1910 there were on farms and ranges in United States 61,803,866 neat cattle, cows, bulls, etc., valued at $1,499,523,607; horses and colts, 19,833,113, valued at $2,083,588,195; mules, 4,209,769, valued at $525,391,863; asses and burros, 105,698, valued at $13,200,112; sheep and lambs, 52,447,861, valued at $232,841,585; swine, 58,185,676, valued at $399,338,308; goats, 2,915,125, valued at $6,176,423.
TOTAL ANNUAL YIELD OF CEREAL CHOPS IN RECENT YEARS. (Reported by the Department of Agriculture)
Oats Barley Rye Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels 530,149,168 698,737,809 66,685,127 27,363,324 14,997,451 675,149,000 730,905,000 55,792,000 25,657,000 11,722,000 547,303,846 796,177,713 73,381,563 23,961,741 11,094,471 522,229,505 809,125,989 58,925,833 748,460,218 736,808,724 109,932,924 670,063,008 987,842,712 134,954,023 637,821,835 784,094,199 552,399,517 894,595,552 692,979,489
31,851,000 15,874,000 29,520,457 14,849,339 34,897,000 17,598,000 33,119,000 17,549,000 35,664,000 19,249,000 41,381,000 13,833,000 42,779,000 16,881,000 49,190,000 15,769,000
1,141,060,000 1,517,478,000
2,583,241,000 639,886,000 1,251,992,000
The Census of 1910 gives the following farm statistics for the United States: Farms, total number, 6,361,502; total acres in farms, 878,798,325; improved acres in farms, 478,451,750; value of land in farms, $28,475,674,169; value of build- ings on farms, $6,325,451,528; value of implements and machinery on farms, $1,- 265,149,783 value per acre of land and buildings, $39.60 value per acre of land alone, $32.40. Value of wealth produced on farms in 1915, estimated by Secretary of Agriculture, $10,501,686,000.
Dairy Products.-The Thirteenth Census presented the following condensed analysis of the dairy industry of the United States for the census year 1909:
Total number of cows kept for
21,795,770 Milk produced on farms, gals. 5,813,699,474 Total pounds of butter made. 1,619,415,263 Total pounds of cheese made. 320,532,181 Condensed milk produced, lbs. 494.796,544
The quantity of milk reported was pro- duced on farms reporting 16,069,298 dairy cows and does not include estimates for 4,- 556.134 cows reported as dairy cows by farmers but for which no statement was given of quantity of milk produced. In many cases the reason for not giving the quantity of milk produced was that the farmers were unable to make even a rough estimate. Generally speaking, however, these cows were on farms in the western and southern parts of the United States where the production is likely to be less than the average for other parts of the country. Also, many cows reported as dairy cows are as a matter of fact milked only a very small part of the year. No estimate Is included for the "cows kept for milk" not on farms.
Agricultural Products:
Beet Sugar-
Culture of, 6865.
Production of, 6731.
Commerce with foreign countries in, 4973.
Commerce in, restrained by Great Britain, 138.
Introduction of products of, into Europe discussed, 5764.
Captured and forfeited referred to, 3666.
180,927,000 47,383,000 11,840,000
Commerce in, referred to, 4973. Culture of, in—
African possessions of Portugal, 3864.
Discriminating duties on, from British North American colonies discussed, 996.
Duty on, Lord Aberdeen 's letter re- garding, 1134.
Persons engaged in bringing out, order regarding, 3439.
Exportation of, discussed, 5887, 5979, 6171.
Hay, exportation of, prohibited, 3476. Order rescinding, 3532. Referred to, 4800.
Duties on, discussed and referred to, 1243, 1931, 2112, 2181, 2274, 2419.
Production of, in U. S., 6727, 6906. Tobacco-
Duties on, in foreign ports, 1648, 1738, 1909, 2167, 2192, 2909, 3120. Exportation of, to countries at
peace with United States, orders regarding, 3379, 3434.
From Netherlands and Dutch col- onies, tax on, discussed, 4979, 4986, 5088.
Growth, production, and trade of, referred to, 2133.
Internal tax on, removal of, rec- ommended, 5474.
Trade with foreign countries to be promoted, 1588, 1713, 1822, 2167.
Referred to, 1806.
Prosperous state of, 978, 1747. Reference to, 95, 175, 240, 3353. Agriculture, Bureau of: Appropriations 3996.
for, recommended,
Discussed, 3334, 3452, 3564, 4066, 4106, 4364, 4645, 4947, 5112, 5383. Employees in—
To participate in decoration of graves of soldiers, 4753, 4818, 4899, 5078, 5350.
To participate in dedication of Washington Monument, 4879. To witness inauguration of Presi dent Cleveland, 4881.
Enlargement of facilities of, recom- mended, 4530. Establishment of, 3334.
Recommended, 2556, 2622, 2663, 2714, 3253.
Referred to, 4066, 4947. Experiment stations, recommenda- tions regarding, 5384, 5888, 5980. Food adulteration discussed, 5384. Seed distribution. (See Seed Distri bution.)
Agriculture, Commissioner of: Reply of, to Senate resolution regard- ing diseases prevailing among
Reports of, referred to, 4158, 4364,
4428, 4432, 4462, 4578. Agriculture, Department of. This De- partment of the Executive Branch of the Government had its origin in the recom- mendation of Washington. As early as Dec. 7, 1796, in his eighth annual address (page 194) he said that "with reference either to individual or national welfare agriculture is of primary importance," and at the same time urged the importance of the "establishment of boards charged with collecting and diffusing in- formation, and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids to encourage and as- sist a spirit of discovery and improve- ment. The sentiments expressed by Washington were reiterated and enlarged upon by all or nearly all of his successors (pages 3776, 4457, 4530, 4947, 5112).
From the very beginning of the Govern- ment its foreign representatives had sent home seeds and cuttings of agricultural products to be tried in the United States, and in 1839 Congress made an appropria- tion of $1,000 for the distribution of ma- terial thus collected and for the publica- tion of agricultural statistics. This work was entrusted to the Patent Office, which belonged to the Department of State until 1840, when the Department of the Interior was established and the Patent office be- came a part of it. Up to 1849 the agri- cultural work was carried on by the Com- missioner of Patents, Henry L. Ellsworth, but from that time until 1861, a special official, under the direction of the Commis- sioner, was employed for the work.
May 15, 1862, an act was approved which created the Department of Agricul ture, the duties of which were to "diffuse useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of the word, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among
the people new and valuable seeds and plants." It was provided that the head of this bureau should be a Commissioner of Agriculture, to hold office by a tenure similar to that of other civil officers ap- pointed by the President.
The bureau was made a full executive department by an act of Congress ap- proved Feb. 9, 1889, and placed under a Secretary, who was made a member of the President's Cabinet. To promote the agricultural interests of the country in the most thorough manner an act of Congress approved March 2, 1887, provided for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations (see Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Stations), in connection with the agricultural colleges in the several states and territories, and placed the Com- missioner of Agriculture over these sta- tions in an advisory and administrative capacity.
To represent the Department of Agricul- ture in its relation with these experiment stations, the Office of Experiment Stations was established in the same year.
The Agricultural colleges established in the several states and territories in ac- cordance with the land grant act of Con- gress of July 2, 1862, have no organic relation to the Department of Agriculture further than that the agricultural experi- ment stations are generally departments of the agricultural colleges, and that the presi- dent of each of these colleges is obliged to make an annual report to the Secretary of Agriculture.
The Weather Bureau (q. v.), an impor- tant branch of the Department, was au- thorized by Congress Feb. 4, 1870, under the direction of the War Department, but by an act of Oct. 1, 1890, it was trans- ferred to the Department of Agriculture. Some other important bureaus are: Bureau of Animal Industry (established in 1884), which, besides its investigations to improve the condition of the animal in- dustries of the country, has wide powers of inspection and supervision as to the health of live stock. (See Animal Indus- try, Bureau of.)
Bureau of Forestry (1881), which has charge of the administration of the na- tional forest reserves. (See Forest Service.)
Bureau of Entomology (1863), which ob- tains and disseminates information regard- ing injurious insects and their relation to plant and animal life.
Bureau of Chemistry (1862), whose work includes the investigation of food products imported into the United States, analysis of adulterated products, and experiments to determine the effect of adulterants upon the human system.
Bureau of Statistics, organized as the Di- vision of Statistics in 1863 and made a bureau in 1903. This bureau is the old- est distinctively statistical agency of the Government, its work being the fathering of material of interest to the agriculturist, from all parts of the world.
Agricultural Colleges.-Large tracts of land in the northwest territory were grant- ed to the states formed therefrom, to be sold by the legislatures or by the Federal Government for educational purposes. As early as 1785 Congress, foreshadowing the permanent policy of the nation in encour- aging education, enacted that one thirty- sixth of all the public lands should be set apart for and dedicated to the cause of education, and by the act of July 23, 1787, this reservation was made perpetual. further to encourage and dignify the sci- ence of husbandry. Congress, by the Mor- rill Act of July 2, 1862, provided "that there be granted to the several states...
an amount of public land, to be appor- tioned to each state a quantity equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Repre- sentative in Congress to which the states are respectively entitled by the apportion- ment under the census of 1860," but ex- cepting mineral lands, to found colleges of agriculture and the mechanical arts. This act was amended by an act of March 3, 1833, which provided that all money derived by the states from the sale of land apportioned by the general Govern- ment must be invested in stocks of the United States or in the several states, or in some safe manner to be prescribed by the legislature of the several states in such a manner as to yield not less than five per cent., the principal to remain for- ever inviolate and undiminished.
By an act approved Aug. 30, 1890, Con- gress provided an annual appropriation of $15,000 for the year ending June 30, 1890, and an annual increase of this amount for ten years by an additional sum of $1,000 over the preceding year, the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each state or ter ritory to be $25,000. This appropriation must, however, be applied only to in- struction in agriculture, the mechanical arts, the English language, and the various branches of mathematical, physical, natural and economic science with special reference to their application to the industries of life. College instruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universities re- ceiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, which are now in opera- tion in all the states and territories ex- cept Alaska, The total number of these institutions is sixty-eight, of which sixty- five maintain courses of instruction in agri- culture. In twenty-three states the agricul tural colleges are departments of the state universities. In sixteen states and terri- tories separate institutions having courses in agriculture are maintained for the colored race. All of the agricultural colleges for white persons and several of those for ne- groes offer four-year courses in agriculture and its related sciences leading to bachelors' degrees, and many provide for graduate study. About sixty of these institutions also provide special short, or correspond- ence, courses in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy, horticul- ture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, sugar making, ru- ral engineering, farm mechanics, and other technical subjects. Officers of the agricul- tural colleges engage quite largely in con- ducting farmers' Institutes and various other forms of college extension.
The agricultural experiment stations, with very few exceptions, are departments of the agricultural colleges. The total number of persons engaged in the work of education and research in the land-grant colleges and the experiment stations in 1913 was 7,651, the number of students (white) in interior courses in the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, 47,216; the total number of students in the whole institutions, 88.408 (not including students in correspondence courses and extension schools), the number of students (white) in the four-year college courses in agri- culture, 12,462; the total number of stu- dents in the institutions for negroes, 8.561, of whom 1,795 were enrolled in agricul tural courses. With a few exceptions, each of these colleges offers free tuition to residents of the state in which it is located. In the excepted cases scholarships are open to promising and energetic stu- dents, and in all opportunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses
by their own labor. The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year.
Location of agricultural colleges (includ- ing only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862): Alabama-Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn.
Agricultural School of the Tuskegee Nor- mal Industrial Institute, Tuskegee In- stitute.
Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, Normal.
Arizona-University of Arizona, Tucson. Arkansas-College of Agriculture of the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Branch Normal College, Pine Bluff. California-College of Agriculture of the University of California, Berkeley. Colorado-The State Agricultural College of Colorado, Fort Collins. Connecticut-Connecticut Agricultural Col- lege, Storrs.
Delaware-Delaware College, Newark.
State College for Colored Students, Dover. Florida-College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville.
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege for Negroes, Tallahassee. Georgia-Georgia State College of Agricul ture, Athens.
Georgia State Industrial College, Savan- nah.
Hawaii College of Hawail, Honolulu. Idaho College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Idaho, Moscow.
Illinois-College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Illinois, Urbana.
Indiana-School of Agriculture of Purdue University, La Fayette.
Iowa Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames. Kansas-Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege, Manhattan.
Kentucky-The College af Agriculture of the State University, Lexington.
The Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons, Frank- fort.
Louisiana-Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge.
Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Louisiana, Scotland Heights, Baton Rouge.
Maine College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Maine, Orono.
Maryland-Maryland Agricultural College, College Park.
Princess Anne Academy, Eastern Branch of the Maryland Agricultural College, Princess Anne.
Massachusetts-Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston.
Michigan-Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing.
Minnesota-College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul.
Mississippi-Mississippi
Agricultural and Mechanical College, Agricultural Col- lege.
Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege, Alcorn.
Missouri College of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of Missouri, Columbia.
School of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Missouri, Rolla. Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City. Montana-Montana State College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, Bozeman. Nebraska-College of Agriculture of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
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