was enjoined by the Illinois Supreme Court not to practice "picketing.' The union appealed the case and continued the practice complained of. The violators were fiued by the court, who held that an appeal does not justify the violation of an injunction.

In 1908 a New York City Court judge issued an injunction restraining the police from interfering with certain theatrical performances on Sunday. This injunction was dismissed by the Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court, on the ground that an officer cannot be restrained from enforcing a valid law.

The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company sought, in 1908, to enjoin its switchmen from leaving its employ in violation of an alleged agreement to work under certain conditions for a specified time. The injunction was refused on the grounds that no violation of property rights was shown, and that members of labor organizations may peacefully withdraw from employment, even though such withdrawal involves a breach of contract.

Many interesting points of law have been raised on the subject of injunctions, and they have been officially discussed by I'resident Roosevelt and President Taft. Injunctions:

Abuse of, in labor disputes, men

tioned, 7026, 7086, 7128, 7190, 7213. Defended by President Taft, 7378. Discussing powers of courts in, 7378. Inland Bill.A bill of exchange drawn in a country on a person or firm in the same country.

Inland Waterways, improvements recommended, 7222.

Innocuous Desuetude.-This phrase occurs in a message of President Cleveland, March 1, 1886 (4966), when he was discussing laws on the subject of suspensions from office. The Serate had asked him for his reasons for suspending certain officials. Insane Asylum. (See Government Hospital for Insane.)

Insane Persons, act making grant of lands to States for benefit of, vetoed, 2780. Insecticide and Fungicide Board.-A Federal board under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture which has charge of the administration of the laws for the inspection of insecticides and fungicides. The Insecticide Act of 1910 was designed to regulate the interstate shipment, and to prevent the importation into the United States, of adulterated and misbranded insecticides and fungicides, and also to control the manufacture and sale of such products in the District of Columbia and the territories. By its provisions the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor are authorized to make uniform rules for its enforcement. The bureaus of Animal and Plant Industry, Chemistry and Entomology are represented on t'e board.

Laboratory and field experiments have been continued with various insecticides, especially lime and sulphur preparations, several arsenicals, and other toxic substances as possible substitutes for these nicotine sprays, distillate emulsions, etc. Some experiments have been undertaken to determine as exactly as possible the quantity of arsenate of lead which should be employed satisfactorily to control the codling moth and plum curculio on apples and peaches.

Insignia.-In military dress insignia are badges in the form of medallions, ribbons, or the like, signalizing rank or distinction. Insolvent Debtors. (See Bankruptcy; Debtors, Insolvent.)

Inspection, Office of, Agriculture Department.-The Federal meat inspection service is coming to be recognized as the most effective existing agency for collecting, on a broad scale, data absolutely necessary to the success of any extensive program for the eradication from the food herds of the country of such diseases as tuberculosis and certain serious parasitic affections, the presence of which is not suspected in the living animal until the damage they do is beyond remedy and the losses they cause are beyond prevention. The eradication, or material reduction, of these diseases will enormously lessen losses on the farm, and in a corresponding measure remove the cause of the losses from condemnations under inspection.

The rules of condemnation on account of disease have been prepared by scientific and practical experts, and essentially conform to the views expressed by a commission of seven men outside of the department convened in 1907 by the Secretary of Agriculture to study the subject and give opinions as to the disposal of carcasses affected with disease and abnormalities. That the regu lations are intelligently applied is indicated by the fact that all condemnations on the post-morten inspection under the Federal system are determined by graduated veterinarians and then only after they have received instruction in the practical application of the rules after admission to the service. These inspectors, stationed in many states, make actual post-mortem examinations of upward of 60 per cent of the cattle, sheep, hogs, and goats slaughtered for food in the United States. This information, used in conjunction with live stock shipping records is sufficient, in most cases, to ix the territory of origin, and in many cases lead to the farm and herds whence the diseased animals have come.

In 1907 a Board of Food and Drug Inspection was organized to assist the Secretary of Agriculture in the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act. Some of the important decisions of this board prohibited the coating of rice; restricted the use of coloring matter in food products; forbade the use of chemical preservatives known to be harmful; prohibited the bleaching of flour with nitrogen peroxide, the use of shellac for coating chocolates and other confections, the use of saccharin and copper sulphate in foods, importation and interstate traffic in absinthe, the shipment cf immature, artificially colored citrus fruits; and restricted the sale of canned goods containing salts of tin. These boards were later, for purposes of economy, combined into the Office of Inspection. Inspection, Sanitary. (See Animal Industry discussed.) Inspector-General. ment and Army.) Inspector-General of Army, bill rela

(See War Depart

tive to department of, returned, 4855. Inspector of Customs.-One who examines imported goods and baggage to forestall the effect of false declarations, and to prevent smuggling.

Inspector, Revenue. (See Revenue Inspector.)

Institutions of Learning. (See Education; Military Academy; National University; Naval Academy; Seminaries of Learning.)

Insular Affairs, Bureau of, War Department. By act of July 1, 1902, the Bureau of Insular Affairs is charged with the administration of "all matters of civil government in the island possessions of the United States under the jurisdiction of the War Department." Under this head are included the Philippines (q. v.), Porto Rico (q. v.), and the other island possessions of the United States. (See War Department.) Insular Possessions.-According to a report published by the National Geographic Society in June, 1914, the United States owns exactly 8,000 islands, supporting a population of 10,000,000. The report further shows that the commerce of these islands exceeds $300,000,000, or more than that of the United States in any year prior to 1850. American capital invested in the islands aggregates approximately $400,000,000, and from them there is shipped to the United States $100,000,000 worth of products every year and they take in exchange products of about equal value.

The feature of the report is the development of Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippine Islands. It shows that when Porto Rico came under American rule fifteen years ago there was but one school building on the island, while to-day there are 1,200. There were 25,000 pupils enrolled in the first year of American administration, now there are 175,000. Then there was but one good road of forty miles; now there are about 1,000 miles. Production of sugar has grown from 65,000 tons a year to 365,000. Foreign commerce was about $20,000,000 a year; now it is nearly $100,000,000.

Hawaii has been extremely prosperous since it came permanently under the Ameri can flag in 1900. The assessed value of the sugar crop more than doubled, deposits in banks trebled and in savings banks quadrupled. Hawaii's irrigation system is the marvel of the engineering world, and the quantity of sugar produced per acre far exceeds that of any other spot on the globe.

The Alaskan islands and mainland cost us $7,500,000, an expenditure that many believed to be unjustifiable; yet for many years the annual value of seal skins alone approximated the cost of the entire area. At present the value of the canned salmon sent us from Alaska in a single year is twice (See as much as the entire possession cost. Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Tutuila, Wake and other islands.) Insular Possessions, U. S., mentioned,

7019, 7286, 7681.

Industrial development of, 7019. Insurance Companies, American: Exclusion of, from Germany, referred to, 6061, 6099, 6183.

Discussed by President Roosevelt, 6987, 7290.

Federal control of, advocated, 6987. Treatment of, in Russia, 5961.

Insurrection.-Rebellion against legal authority, especially a small uprising within a country or state. (See Whiskey Insurrection.)

Insurrections. (See Illegal Combinations.) Intercession.-A voluntary offer to mediate, especially on the part of one country towards

another. It sometimes takes the form of force, as in the case of the intercession on the part of the United States in the difficulties between Cuba and Spain, which led to the Spanish-American War. (See Spanish-American War, and Intervention.) Intercontinental Railroad:

Connection of Mexican railway sys

tem with, discussed, 5547. Survey for, discussed, 5622.

To connect systems of North America with those of southern continent recommended, 5504.

Intercourse, Foreign:

Action recommended on the publica-
tion of confidential items, 2281.
Appropriations for, 190, 448.
Reduction in, discussed, 4356.
Unexpended, 3828.
Contingent expenses-

Funds on deposit with Baring
Brothers & Co. for, 3828.

Public interests demand that con-
fidential items be not published,
2281.

Expenditures for, to be paid from

funds on deposit, 3828.

Provision for, recommended, 58, 190. Requests of House and Senate for information regarding, refused,

186, 2281, 2416, 2452, 2690, 2691, 2695, 6101.

was

Interior, Department of the.-An executive department of the government composed of a number of bureaus and offices whose duties have no connection with each other, but relate generally to internal affairs. It was created by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1849; in the original law it was called the Home Department (q. v.), the name being very soon changed. By the act of 1849, it was given jurisdiction over patents, formerly held by the State Department; Indian Affairs, formerly held by the War Department; pensions, formerly held by the War and Navy; and the census, formerly under the Treasury; while the General Land Office transferred to it from the Treasury, together with the care of certain public buildings and the revision of court accounts. The Census Bureau was transferred in 1903 to the Department of Commerce and Labor (q. v.), while the reviewing of the accounts of courts and marshals is in the hands of the Department of Justice (q. v.). Numer. ous additions have since been made to its jurisdiction, including education, publle surveys, the subsidized railroads, the distribution of certain public documents; labor matters now controlled by the Department of Labor (q. v.), territories, national parks, and the oversight of certain charitable institutions in the District of Columbia. The office of Assistant Secretary was created at its organization: an additional assistant secretary, with the title of First Assistant, was created in 1865.

The

Patent Office attends to the granting and Issuing of patents on inventions. first patent law was approved April 10, 1790. Only three patents were granted the first year, thirty-three the second, and

eleven the third. In 1836 the Patent Office was burned, with all the records, and Congress then established the present system, substantially repealing the earlier laws. The office was created as a Bureau of the Department of State, the chief officer being the Commissioner of Patents. When the Department of the Interior was created, in 1849, the Patent Office was made a bu reau thereof. The Commissioner of Patents supervises the issuing of patents and the registration of trade-marks. His decision is final in the Patent Office and he has appellate jurisdiction in the trial of interference cases and questions relating to the patentability of inventions. The Office publishes each month an Official Gazette, giv ing a description of each patent issued. (See Patents.)

Commissioner of pensions has charge of matters relating to pensions and bounty lands. Under him are two deputy commis sioners and a chief clerk, each in charge of certain divisions of the Bureau, Up to 1833. the distribution of pensions had been supervised by the War and Navy Depart ments, each for its own pensioners. In that year Congress established the Pension Bureau, and placed J. S. Edwards in charge. He immediately assumed the business here tofore conducted by the War Department, and in 1849 naval pensions also. In the same year the Bureau was made a part of the new Interior Department, (See also Pensions.)

General Land Office has charge of the survey and sale of public lands. Until 1812 the Secretary of the Treasury acted as agent for the sale of public lands. After the office of Commissioner of the General Land Office was created, the Land Office remained a Bureau of the Treasury Department until it was made a part of the Interior Department at its organization.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs has juris diction over the Indians of the United States, except hose in Alaska, and makes annual reports upon the condition of each tribe. Previous to 1832 all matters relating to the Indians had been transacted by the clerks of the War Department. By this time, however, the business relations between the Government and the Indians had grown to such proportions that it became necessary to establish a Bureau of Indian Affairs. Accordingly Congress authorized the President to appoint a Com. missioner who should have general superintendence, under the Secretary of War, of all Indian Affairs. The first Commissioner was appointed July 9, 1832. It remained a part of the War Department until 1849, when it was transferred to the Department of the Interior. (See Indians.)

The Bureau of Education was originally established under the name of the Depart ment of Education in 1867; the succeeding year it was made a Bureau of the Interior Department. Its head is the Commissioner of Education. His duties are to collect such statistics and facts as show the prog ress of education throughout the country, and to diffuse this and such other infor mation as shall aid in educational progress. He also has charge of the education of the Indians in Alaska, and administers the endowment fund for the support of agricultural and mechanical colleges.

The Geological Survey was made a Bureau of the Interior Department in 1879, although geological and topographical expe ditions had been sert out before that time. Its head, the Director of the Geological Survey, is charged with the classification of public lands, their examination as to geologic structure, mineral resources and products and the preparation of topographic and geologic maps; he makes in

Separation of Patent Office from, recommended, 4155, 4206. Transfer of

Pension Bureau from, to War Department, recommended, 4060. Territorial affairs from State Department to, recommended, 4060, 4145.

A

Internal Improvements.-There being no provision in the Constitution for internal improvements, the matter has always been a subject of dispute. Since Aug. 7, 1789, Congress has regularly appropriated money for such improvements as lie strictly within the Federal jurisdiction-harbors, beacons, buoys, lighthouses, piers, etc. March 29, 1806, Congress authorized the pres.dent to appoint three commissioners to lay out a national road from Cumberland, on the Potomac, to the Ohio River, and appropriated $30,000 for the expenses (406). The road was to pass through several states. national road was also projected through Georgia, with New Orleans as its proposed western terminus. March 3, 1817, President Madison vetoed a bill to set apart the bonus and Government dividends of the national bank as a fund "for constructing roads and canals and improving the navi gation of water courses," on the ground that Congress had no constitutional power to extend public revenue for such purposes (569). May 4, 1822, President Monroe vetoed an appropriation for preserving and repairing the Cumberland road. on the same general ground (711). President Jackson also vetoed several bills providing for internal improvements (1046, 1056, 1201. 1337). March 14, 1818, the House of Representatives passed a resolution declaring that Congress had the power to appropriate money for the construction of roads and canals and for the improvement of water courses. March 3, 1823, the first appropri ation for the improvement of rivers and harbors passed Congress. In April, 1824, $30,000 was appropriated for the survey of such roads and canals as the president should deem of natioral importance, and the act of March 3. 1825, authorized the subscription of $300.000 to the stock of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Since 1861 the question of internal improvements has ceased to be a party one. both parties recognizing the right of Congress to appropriate money for public improvements. (See River and Harbor Bills, Pacific Railroads and Irrigation, and illustrations opposite 2185, 2929.)

Internal Improvements (see also Rivers and Harbors):

Acts on subject of, vetoed by Presi
dent-
Arthur, 4707.

Discussed, 4724. Cleveland, 6109. Grant, 4336.

Jackson, 1046, 1056, 1071, 1201, 1337.

Madison, 569.

Monroe, 587, 711, 713.

Pierce, 2751,

2920, 2921.

2789, 2790, 2919,

Polk, 2310, 2460, 2506.
Roosevelt, 7602.
Taft, 7665.
Tyler, 2183.

Expenditures for public works in States and Territories referred to, 3591.

Information regarding construction of roads transmitted, 594.

Lands granted in aid of, 1029, 3651, 4065, 4206, 5380.

Referred to, 872, 877, 879, 909, 987,

993, 1096, 1776, 2957.

Surveys for, transmitted, 1027. Internal Revenue.-That part of the revenue of a country which is derived from duties or taxes on articles manufactured or grown at home, on licenses, stamps, incomes, etc.-in fact, all revenue not collected on exports or imports. The internal revenue of the United States is derived chiefly from taxes on liquors and tobacco and in cases of emergency upon commercial paper, bank circulation, and upon incomes. The receipts from these various sources have varied from $1,000,000, which figure was first reached in 1801, to $309,000,000, which was reached during the operation of the war tax in 1866. Later the taxes settled down to a normal basis of something like $150,000,000 a year.

The sources of internal revenue and the rate of taxation are as follows:

Special Taxes and Rates.-Rectifiers of less than 500 barrels a year, $100: rectifiers of 500 barrels or more a year, $200.

Wholesale liquor dealers, $100; retail liquor dealers, $25.

Wholesale dealers in malt liquors, $50; retail dealers in malt liquors, $20.

Manufacturers of stills, $50; and for stills or worms, manufactured, each, $20. Brewers: Annual manufacture less than 500 barrels, $50; annual manufacture 500 barrels or more, $100.

Manufacturers of filled cheese, $400; wholesale dealers in filled cheese, $250; retail dealers in filled cheese, $12.

Manufacturers of oleomargarine, $600;