Kansas.-One of the western group of
states; nickname, "The Garden State."
"The Sunflower State," etc.; motto, "Ad
astra per aspera" ("To the stars through
difficulties"). It is situated in the central
part of the Union and extends from lat. 37°
to 40° north and from long. 94°
38' to 102° west. Kansas is bounded on
the north by Nebraska, on the east by
Missouri (separated in part by the Missouri
River), on the south by Oklahoma and on
the west by Colorado, and has an area of
82,158 square miles. It was a part of the
Louisiana Purchase and was made a terri-
tory in 1854.

The Topeka constitution, prohibiting
slavery, was framed in 1855 and the
Lecompton constitution, which sanctioned
slavery, in 1857. A civil war broke out
between the adherents of these two consti-
tutions. (See illustration opposite 2881.)
Finally, in 1859, the Wyandotte constitu-
tion, forbidding slavery, was adopted.
State was admitted to the Union Jan. 29,
1861.

The

Statistics of agriculture collected for the
last Federal census, place the number of
farms in the State at 177,841, comprising
43,384,799 acres, valued with stock and im-
provements at $2,039,389,910, an increae
of $1,175,289,624 over the 1900 report. The
average value of farm land per acre was
$25.45, as compared with $12.77 in 1900.
The value of domestic animals, poultry,
etc., was $253,528,577, including 3,079,403
cattle, valued at $80,557,443; 1,147,056
horses, $112,758,108; 208,409 mules, $25,-
629,418; 3,050,157 swine, $24,708,885;
272.475 sheep, $1,209,931. The yield and
value of field crops for 1911 is given as
follows: Corn, 8,700.000 acres, 126,150,-
000 bushels, $79,474,000; wheat, 4,810,000
acres, 51,387,000 bushels, $46,762,000;

oats, 2,000,000 acres, 30,000,000 bushels,
$13,500,000; rye, 18,000 acres, 198,000
bushels, $160,000; potatoes, 80,000 acres,
1,760,000 bushels, $1,866,000; hay, 1,649,-
000 acres, 1,402,000 tons, $13,880,000.

The

The mineral products of the State for
1910 were valued at $28,304,191, consisting
of coal, zinc, lead, clay products, petroleum,
natural gas, sand, gravel, and stone.
coal production for 1910 was 4,921,451
short tons, valued at $7,914,709, a decrease
of more than two million tons from the
amount produced the previous year, on ac-
count of a strike among the mine-workers.
The number of men employed in the mines of
the State during 1910 was 12.870, of whom
10,346 were idle more than half time.

Kansas has 8.900 miles of steam railway
and 268 miles of electric lines.
The popu-
lation in 1910 was 1.690,949.

The number of manufacturing establish-
ments in Kansas having an annual output
valued at $500 or more at the beginning of
1915 was 3,136. The amount of capital in-
vested was $163,790.000, giving employment
to 53,032 persons, using material valued at
$261.148,000, and turning out finished goods
worth $323,234,000. Salaries and wages
paid amounted to $34,983,000.

(See also Lecompton Constitution; To-
peka Constitution; Wyandotte Constitu-
tion.)

Kansas:

Act-

For sale of Indian reservation, 4656.
To provide for sale of New York
Indian lands in, vetoed, 5238.
Admission of, into Union discussed,
2980, 3002, 3028.
Recommended, 2893, 3009.

Affairs of, referred to, 2951, 2995,
2996.

Boundary line of, survey of, recom
mended, 2873.

Chief justice of, functions of, re-
ferred to, 2958.

Constitutional convention in, dis-
cussed, 3002, 3030.

Disorders and revolutions in, dis-
cussed, 2873, 2885, 2915, 2937,
2980, 3002, 3028, 3177.
Proclamation against, 2923.
Election and qualifications for elec-
tors discussed, 2885, 2980, 3002,
3028, 3177.
Expenditures for persons called into
service of United States in, 2953,
2954.

Fortifications in Lawrence, referred
to, 3894.
Government organization in, dis-
turbed, 2885, 2894, 2898, 2937,
2980, 3002, 3028, 3177.
Proclamation against unlawful com-
binations, 2923.

Indian refugees in, referred to, 3410.
Joint resolution authorizing grant of
lands to, for benefit of agriculture,
etc., vetoed, 5308.
Meetings in, interfered
with by
Army, 2915.

Memorial from citizens of, regarding
creation of new territory, etc., 3111.
Military forces of United States sent
to, referred to, 4013.

Public lands of, 6706.

Relief for suffering people in—
Recommended, 3184.

Referred to, 4272.

Slavery in, discussed, 2962, 2981,
3002, 3028.

Soldiers employed in, to arrest vio-
lators of law, referred to, 2908.
Troops of, treatment of, captured by
insurgents, referred to, 3398.

Wea trust lands in, referred to, 3400.
Kansas Aid Society.-An organization to
aid immigration into Kansas. Under the
provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
passed by Congress in May, 1854, the ques-
tion of slavery in Kansas was left to the
residents of the state for settlement, on the
principle of local option or "squatter sov.
ereignty." An immigrant aid association,
which had been already formed in Massa-
chusetts for the purpose, began_sending
anti-slavery settlers into the new Territory
to forestall its settlement by slaveholders.
Similar societies were organized in July,
1854, in New York and Connecticut. The
settlers were provided with ample funds
and means of defense against the settlers
from the slaveholding states of the South.
Meantime slavery advocates from Missouri
were passing over the line and preempting
large tracts of fertile lands. For four years
the conflict for supremacy raged between
the two parties, the anti-slavery party
finally prevailing.

Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railway Co., act to authorize construction of railway through Indian Territory by, returned, 4986. Kansas City, Oklahoma and Pacific Railway Co., act authorizing construction and operation of railway by, through Indian reservations vetoed, 6008.

Kansas Indians. (See Indian Tribes.)
Kansas-Nebraska Act.-By the Missouri
Compromise of 1820 slavery was prohibited
in all the region lying north of lat. 36° 30'
with the exception of that lying in the
State of Missouri. As a result of the Mexi-
can War the limits of the United States
were extended from the one hundredth me-
ridian westward to the Pacific and south-
ward to lat. 32° 30' north. By the Kan-
sas-Nebraska Act, passed by Congress in
May, 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were
separated and organized into two distinct
territories, and the question of slavery
As
was left to the people for settlement.
both these states lie north of the line above
which slavery was prohibited by the Mis-
souri Compromise, the passage of the bill
practically repealed that measure. The
status of Nebraska as a free state was soon
determined, but the struggle in Kansas was
long and bitter. It disrupted the Whig
party and led to the establishment of the
Republican party, and was an important
link in the chain of events that brought
on the Civil War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Discussed, 2982.

Referred to, 3030.

Kanso, Straits of, vessels of United
States interfered with by British ves-
sels in, referred to, 4068.
Kaskaskia Indians. (See Indian
Tribes.)

cor

Ka-ta-ka Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Kaw Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Kearsarge, The.-A United States vette built at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1861. She carried 163 officers and men, four 32pounder and one 28-pounder guns, and two 11-inch rifles. She was commanded by Capt. John A. Winslow. Her greatest service was the sinking of the Confederate cruiser Alabama, off Cherbourg, France, June 19, 1864. The Alabama had done much damage to United States commerce, and the Kearsarge had been sent to sink her. When the Kearsarge opened fire her superiority in point of management and gunnery was at once apparent. One of her shells cut off the Alabama's mizzenmast, and another exploded, killing half her crew. Feb. 2, 1894, the Kearsarge was wrecked on Roncador Reef, in the Caribbean Sea. (See also Alabama Claims.)

Kearsarge, The, destruction of the Ala

bama by, referred to, 3457. Kenesaw Mountain (Ga.), Battle of.Between the 1st and 6th of June, 1864, Sherman gradually moved his army so as to envelop Allatoona Pass. This compelled Johnston to withdraw his army from its strongly intrenched positions at New Hope Church and Acworth. Allatoona Pass was then made a depot of supplies, and June 8 Gen. Blair joined Sherman with two divisions of the Seventh Corps and a brigade of cavalry, raising his effective force to its

original strength of 98,000. Johnston's force was 62,000. Sherman then advanced toward Kenesaw Mountain, and on June 14 an artillery duel took place in which the Confederate General Polk was killed. On the 15th and 17th of June the Confederates retired from Pine Mountain and Lost Mountain, and thoroughly intrenched themselves on Kenesaw Mountain. June 27 two assaults on the Confederate position were simultaneously made, one by Thomas and the other by McPherson. Both were repulsed. Nothing now remained for Sherman but to turn the position. July 2 the whole army was put in motion toward the Chattahoochee. The Confederates immediately abandoned their position on the mountain and retired to the river. Sherman's loss at the attack on Kenesaw Mountain aggregated 3,000 men including Generals Harker and McCook. The Confederate loss was 630. Kennebec Purchase.-In 1628 the council for New England granted to William Bradford and other Plymouth colonists a tract of territory along the Kennebec and Cobbiseecontee rivers for fishing purposes. This was sold in 1661 to Tyng and others, and has since been known as the Kennebec Purchase.

Kentucky. One of the southern group of states; nickname, "The Corn Cracker State:" motto, "United we stand, divided we fall." The name is said to mean in the language of the Indians "Dark and bloody ground." It lies between lat. 36° 30′ and 39° 6' north and long. 82° and 89° 38′ west. It is bounded on the north by Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois (separated by the Ohio River), on the east by West Virginia (separated by the Big Sandy River) and Virginia, on the south by Tennessee, and on the west by Missouri (separated by the Mississippi River). Area, 40,598 square miles.

A vast tract of land, including what is now Kentucky, was ceded to Great Britain by the Iroquois Indians in 1684. Kentucky was explored by Daniel Boone in 1769, and the first settlement was made at Harrodsburg in 1774. It was made a county of Virginia in 1776 and admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. It took a distinguished part in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War. Although a slave state, Kentucky wished to preserve neutrality in the latter war. Kentucky has abundant natural resources in the shape of coal and iron mines, hard wood forests, fertile soil and great water power facilities. Tobacco. corn and wheat are the chief agricultural products, Louisville being the largest leaf tobacco market in the world.

The

Statistics of agriculture collected for the last Federal census place the number of farms in the State at 259.185, comprising 22,189,127 acres, valued with stock and improvements at $773,797,880. The average value of farm land was $21.83, as compared with $13.24 in 1900. The value of domestic animals, poultry, etc., was $117,486,662, including 1,000,937 cattle valued at $25,971.571; 443.034 horses, $44.796.120; 225,043 mules, $26.402,090; 1,491.806 swine, $8.951,692 1,363,013 sheep, $5.573.998. yield and value of field crops for 1911 is given as follows: Corn, 3,600,000 acres, 93,600,000 bushels, $59,968.000; wheat, 780,000 acres, 9.906.000 bushels, $9,114.000; oats. 170.000 acres. 3,128.000 bushels, $1,564,000; rye, 22.000 acres, 204.000 bushels, $243.000; potatoes. 52,000 acres, 2.028,000 bushels, $2,170,000: hay, 450,000 acres, 428.000 tons, $7.404,000: tobacco, 345,000 acres, 303,600,000 pounds, $23,377,200.

The principal mineral product of Ken-
tucky is coaf, the value of which consti-
tutes about three-fourths of the value of
the state's total mineral output. In 1913,
according to the United States Geological
Survey, the total value of the mineral pro-
duction of Kentucky was about $27,000,-
000, of which the coal mines contributed
$20,516,749. This is an increase of about
$4,500,000 in value of total mineral prod-
ucts over the figures for 1912.

The second industry in importance, clay-
working, contributed $2,914,276 in 1913, an
increase of $470,536 over 1912. The quarry-
ing industry is third in importance in the
state, its products in 1913 being valued at
$1,150,205, against $1,282,148 in 1912.

The petroleum production of Kentucky in-
creased from 484,368 barrels in 1912, val-
ued at $424,822, to 524,568 barrels in 1913,
valued at $675,748, while the value of the
natural gas produced decreased from $522,-
455 to $509,846.

Kentucky is one of the few states in which
fluorspar is produced, and in 1913 the out-
put was nearly double in quantity and value
that of 1912. Other mineral products are
asphalt, cement, ferro alloys, iron ore, lead,
lime, mineral water, oilstones, sand and
gravel, sand-lime brick, and zinc.

The receipts for the financial year end-
ing June 30, 1911, were $7,676,588: the
disbursements for the same period. $7,013,-
330; treasury balance, $356,289. The bond-
ed debt of the State at the end of the fiscal
year was $2.315,627.

The number of manufacturing establish-
ments in Kentucky having an annual output
valued at $500 or more at the beginning of
1915 was 4,184. The amount of capital in-
vested was $193,423,000, giving employment
to 77.865 persons, using material valued at
$114,829,000, and turning out finished goods
worth $230,249,000. Salaries and wages
paid amounted to $43,153,000.

The Ohio and Mississippi rivers and their
tributaries afford natural means of transit,
and 3,432 miles of steam railway and 337
miles of electric lines traverse the State.
The population for 1910 was 2,289,905.
Kentucky (see also Louisville):

Admission of, into Union, referred
to, 73, 76, 78.

Amendment to Constitution, applica-
tion to Congress to call convention
for proposing, 3194.
Arrests in, referred to, 3278.
Constitution adopted by, referred to,
120, 122, 124.

Constitution, amendment to, applica-
tion to Congress to call convention
for proposing, 3194.

Digest of decisions of Supreme Court
asked for, 1496.
Martial law established in, and writ
of habeas corpus suspended by
proclamation, 3420.
Proclamation revoking, 3529.
Militia of, commended for Indian
service, 96.

Officers of, attempt to bring Aaron
Burr to justice, 403.
Ratification of amendment to Federal
Constitution by, referred to, 249,

250.
Kentucky Resolutions.-Nine resolutions
prepared by Thomas Jefferson and passed
by the Kentucky legislature in 1798.
These and the Virginia Resolutions were

the outgrowth of a feeling that the Fed-
eral party, in passing the alien and sedi-
tion laws, was making an illegitimate use
of the power granted to the Government
by the Constitution. The resolutions de-
clared that the Union was not based on
the "principle of unlimited submission to
the General Government;" that the Con-
stitution was a compact to which each
state was a party as related to its fellow
states, and that in all cases not specified
in the compact each party had a right to
judge for itself, as well of infractions as
of the mode and measure of redress. They
then proceeded to set forth the unconstitu-
tionality of the alien and sedition laws and
invited other states to join in declaring
them void. A tenth resolution was passed
the following year declaring that nullifica-
tion of a Federal law by a state was the
rightful remedy for Federal usurpation of
authority.
resolutions
Upon these
based in part the doctrines of nullification
and secession.
Kernstown (Va.), Battle of. (See Win-
chester (Va.), Battles of.)

were

Kettle Creek (Ga.), Battle of.-Feb. 14,
1779, Col. Andrew Pickens, of South Caro-
lina, and Col. Dooley, of Georgia, with 300
men, surprised Col. Boyd's provincials on
the north side of Kettle Creek, in Wilkes
County, Ga. A short skirmish ensued, in
which Boyd's tories were routed with in-
considerable loss on either side.

Keweenaw, The. (See Baltimore, The.)
Keystone State.-A nickname for Penn-
sylvania (q. v.). (See also States.)
Key West, Fla.:

Blockade of port of, having been in-
advertently included among those
which were not to be opened to
commerce, removed by proclama-
tion in April, 1865, 3482.

Fever prevalent at, 782.

Health of squadron at, referred to,
827.

Kickapoo Indians. (See Indian Tribes.)
Kidnapping of American child in Mex-
ico referred to, 3572.

Kiel Canal, encomiums bestowed on
American vessels at opening of, 6062.
Kik-ái-llus Indians. (See Indian

Tribes.)

He

Kilbourn vs. Thompson.-A case decided
by the Supreme Court in 1880 denying
the right of the Senate or House of Rep-
resentatives to punish anyone except their
own members for contempt of their orders.
Kilbourn was summoned as a witness be-
fore the House in 1876, and required to
answer questions as to his private busi-
ness and to produce certain papers.
refused, whereupon Sergeant-at-Arms
Thompson was ordered to Imprison him
in the jail of the District of Columbia.
He remained in prison forty-five days. He
was then released on a writ of habeas
corpus. He brought suit for false imprison-
ment against Thompson and the members
of the committee who caused his arrest.
The court decided that the House might
punish its own members for disorderly con-
duct, but that the Constitution did not give
either branch of Congress general author-
ity to punish for contempt. It was held,
Justice Miller delivering the opinion, that
neither House of Congress is a part of any
court of general jurisdiction. Judgment

to be extended to all vessels in distress, and the customary provisions are made for their relief. United States vessels conducting clandestine trade at a port not open to foreign commerce shall be confiscated. Citizens are to be protected within the dominions of the other country. In cases of controversy between citizens of the one country and subjects of the other, the trial is to be made before a judge of the nationality of the defendant, and all facilities shall extend to the counsel of the plaintiff. This condition shall obtain in Chosen until such time as in the opinion of the United States the judicial conditions and administration of justice in that country shall conform to the standard of the United States; at which time citizens of the United States in Korea shall become subject to the native authorities.

The tariff on all articles of daily use imported into Korea shall never exceed ten per cent. of the value of such goods; articles of luxury, as foreign wines and tobacco, watches and clocks shall be subject to an import duty not to exceed thirty per cent. of the value, and articles of native produce, five per cent., ad valorem. The tonnage duties on ships entering harbors or ports in Chosen shall be five mace per ton, payable once every three months. The holding of land, construction of buildings, while freely permitted in any of the ports open to foreigners, is restricted that the property shall always be under the jurisdiction of the authorities of Chosen, and that the only extraterritorial rights in connection with these matters shall be those conferred by this treaty. The trade in Chosen shall be restricted to the open ports and coastwise trade by the citizens of the United States is prohibited. Trade in opium between the two countries is absolutely forbidden. In times of threatened famine in Chosen, the emperor may, at discretion, forbid the export of foodstuffs; the exportation of rice and breadstuffs from the open port of Yin-Chuen is at all times forbidden. Ginseng may not be exported from any port of Chosen. Only the gov ernment officials of Chosen may purchase and bring in arms and munitions of war. Free emigration and immigration between the two countries is permitted to students. A fuller treaty shall be made between the two countries within five years from the date of conclusion of this tentative agreement, the later treaty to be based upon the experience of the two nations on existing conditions. Any privileges which may hereafter be accorded by Chosen to other foreign nations shall accrue to the government of the United States.

The agreement between Japan and Korea of 1905 provides :

"The Government of Japan undertakes to see to the execution of the treaties actu ally existing between Korea and other pow. ers and the Government of Korea engages not to conclude hereafter any act or engage. ment having an international character except through the medium of the Government of Japan.'

Krebs, Ind. T., miners killed at, 5663. Ku-Klux Klan.-A secret organization in several of the southern states soon after the Civil War. Its exact origin was never given. It was claimed that a copy of the constitution (prescript, as it was termed) of the order was obtained, from which it was learned that their lodges were called dens; the masters, cyclops; the members, ghouls. A county was called a province and was governed by a grand giant and four goblins. A Congressional district was a dominion, governed by a grand titan and six furies. A state was a realm, governed by a grand dragon and eight hydras. The whole country was the empire, governed by a grand wizard and ten genii. They appeared only at night and carried banners. Their dress was a covering for the head, descending over the body, holes being cut for eyes and mouth, the covering being decorated in any startling or fantastic manner. Its object was to suppress the negro as a factor in politics, by means of intimidation and terrorization, and, for a time, many of the most prominent and respectable citizens of the southern states belonged to it; but later the more spectable element withdrew and the organization outran its original purpose. many localities gross disorders and crimes were committed by persons in disguise, who were either members of the Klan or who were using the disguise and methods of the order for evil purposes. A Congression

re

In

al investigation followed, and President Grant in a message asked for legislation to suppress the order, etc. The Ku-Klux act (see Force Bill) was passed in 1871. The same year the president issued proclamations on the subject, and soon thereafter the Klans dispersed and ceased to exist. (See illustration opposite 4104.) Ku-Klux Klan (see also Rifle Clubs; White Leagues):

Discussed, 4104, 4117. Proclamations against,

4089, 4090, 4093.

Kupreanof Island, referred to, 6735.