ville-Secret discovered by capture of Laurens-Amsterdam

richest city in Europe-Laurens chosen to Holland-Subse-

quently Adams-States General very dilatory in recognizing

Independence-Three classes of Treaties-Remarks on Na-

tional Law-Neutral rights badly defined-Mr. Adams con-

cludes a Treaty, and makes Loans-Van Berckel appointed

Minister to United States-Holland fell in '94-Changes in

Government-Great Trade with this country-King Louis

well disposed-Compelled to abdicate-Confiscation of Ame-

rican property,

Page.

137

CHAPTER VII.

TREATY OF '83 WITH SWEDEN.

Sweden, only power that voluntarily offered its friendship

to Congress of confederation-No applications specially made

to Northern Powers in early part of war--M. de Creutz offer-

ed in '82 to make a treaty-Treaty of Paris of '83-Provi-

sions similar to that of Netherlands-No Minister till 1813-

M. de Kantzow--Jonathan Russell of Massachusetts-Demand

for property confiscated at Stralsund-Relations friendly with

Sweden,

152

CHAPTER VIII.

TREATY OF 1783 WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

Lord North attempts a Peace-America early conquered

every thing she sought-Members of Parliament see Franklin

privately-Ministry, as well as Opposition, against acknow-

ledgment of Independence-Lord Chatham speaks against it

-Mediation of European courts--Unsuccessful--Austria and

Russia not in favour of Independence-General Conway's re-

solution-Decides the question of War-New Ministry--Os-

wald and Grenville sent to Paris-Not officially--Failed-

Shelburne's Administration-Oswald instructed to acknow-

e dge the Independence-Adams, Franklin, Jay, Laurens, and

Jefferson authorized to treat-Meet at Paris-Difficulty as to

loyalists-Make a compromise through violation of instruc-

tions-Conclude a Treaty--Boundaries-Fisheries--Agreed

to Treaty without consulting France--Violation of Instruc-

tions-Explained-France and Spain desirous of Fisheries and

Western Country--Treaty honourable and favourable to

America-Unpopular in England--Ministry in minority on

first division-Necessary sacrifice,

CHAPTER IX.

TREATY OF 1794 WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

Confederation no power over Commerce-Commercial

conventions with France, Holland, Prussia, and Sweden-No

trade-Trade to England only important one-Depended on

an annual act of Parliament-Policy at variance with Europe

-Mr. Adams chosen to St. James-First Envoy--Well re-

ceived-England refused to make a treaty-Account of viola-

tions of treaty of '83-Debts-Interest-Confederacy dissolv-

ed-Hammond, first envoy to this country--Morris-Pinkney

---Origin of oppressive acts by belligerents-War between

France and England--Provisions contraband-Rules of neu-

trality-Danger of a war-Executive appoints Mr. Jay to

London-Decides question of neutrality-Concludes a treaty

-Unpopular-Eventually favourable to United States,

CHAPTER X.

Page.

156

190

TREATY OF GHENT OF 1814 WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

Little settled by Jay's treaty-Mr. King, Minister to Eng-

land-Made no treaty-Succeeded by Mr. Monroe-Proposes

a convention to Lord Hawksbury-Rule of '56--Account of it

--Injurious to American commerce-Special mission of

Messrs. Monroe and Pinkney-Convention with Lords Hol-

B

land and Auckland-Most favourable ever made-President

rejects it without consulting Senate-Impressment-Account

of it-Opinions of Foster, Mansfield, and Chatham-Conven-

tion with Lord St. Vincent-Chesapeake-England offered

reparation-Refused to consider the affair in connexion with

other topics in discussion-Mr. Rose-Mission ineffectual-

Orders in Council-Great sensation-Erskine arrangement-

Unsuccessful-Erskine withdrawn-Mr. Jackson-His cor-

respondence with Government-Dismissed-England expres-

ses no mark of displeasure--Antedated decree-England re-

fuses to repeal orders-Declaration of 1812-War--Remarks

on neutrality-Mediation of Russia-Not successful-Peace

of Ghent-No disputed point settled-Peace--Policy of Ame-

rica--War of 1812, good effect on national character--Mr.

Adams, Minister to England-Mr. Bagot to this country,

CHAPTER XI.

TREATIES OF 1785 AND 1799 WITH PRUSSIA.

Page.

224

Fourth power in Europe to conclude a Treaty-Lee ap-

pointed in '77 to Berlin and Vienna--Not received by either

court-His full powers stolen at Berlin-Hessians made to

pay same toll as cattle--Prince Henry--Treaty of '85--Pe-

culiar provisions--Private war abolished-Treaty of '99, 284

CHAPTER XII.

TREATY OF 1795 WITH SPAIN.

Spain powerful at time of Revolution-Family Compact-

Great American possessions--Franklin appointed Minister in

'77 to Madrid-Important letter-Spain avoids the coalition

-Strives to reconcile France and England-Fails--Declares

war against England in '79--Jay sent to Spain--Officially re-

ceived-Makes no Treaty-Important instructions--Gardo-

qui, Spanish Chargé--Treats respecting boundaries-Nothing

done--South and North divide on the navigation of the Mis-

sissippi-South in minority-Short and Carmichael, commis-

sioners to Spain-Remarks on Mississippi-Spain, having en-

tered the coalition of '93, unwilling to treat-Indians-Acts

of hostility in Kentucky--Short--Viar-Jaudenes-Prince of

Peace-Treaty of Basle--Godoy--Pinkney sent to Madrid-

Treaty of San Lorenzo el Real with Prince of Peace--Right

of deposite at New-Orleans suspended--Eastern and Western

boundaries of Louisiana--France opposes claims of United

States-Government take possession of West Florida-Folch

--Kemper--Spoliations-Settled by transfer of East Florida

-Humphreys-Yrujo-Bowdoin-Intercourse renewed in

1814-Erving, .

Page.

294

CHAPTER XIII.

RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA.

Not originally applied to for aid by Congress of '77--Little

known at that time in Europe-Relations friendly-Armed

neutrality-Dana sent to Russia in '80-Instructed to propose

America as a member of the armed neutrality-Not received

by the Empress-Russia not disposed to acknowledge Inde-

pendence-Anecdote of Franklin and Count du Nord-Neu-

trality awakens great anxiety-Congress, at return of peace,

took earliest steps to prevent a connexion with "Neutrality"

-Instructions to ministers in Europe not to agree to support

neutrality by force of arms-Adams, Minister to Russia-

Pahlen to this country--Daschkoff-No treaty or commer-

cial convention, though great trade, .

CHAPTER XIV.

RELATIONS WITH DENMARK.

No diplomatic intercourse-Erving sent to Denmark in

1811-Account of spoliations-French and Danish privateers

352

Page.

-Captures-Convoy cases--New aggression on neutral

rights-Remarks on that subject-None of the condemna-

tions of 1809, 1810, revised--Convoy cases not restored--

Erving leaves Copenhagen,

CHAPTER XV.

RELATIONS WITH PORTUGAL.

361

Trade in Mediterranean, exposed to Barbary cruisers, first

led to diplomatic intercourse--Vessels taken by Algerines as

early as '85-Before revolution protected by British passes

Number of captives in '93-Humphreys sent to Lisbon in '91

-Freire to this country-Legation suspended in 1801-

Smith in '97-No commercial or other treaty with Portugal, 369

Appendix, No. 1,-List and dates of Treaties, &c.

Appendix, No. 2,-Statement, exhibiting the amount paid

to each Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

and Chargé d'Affaires, from the United States to the respec-

tive Foreign Courts, for outfit, return, salary, and contingent

expenses, commencing on the 1st January, 1801, and ending

on the 31st December, 1821,

.

373

375

380