governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions and other similar circumstances. Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League. There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population. In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge. The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates. ARTICLE 23 Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the League: (a) will endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions (c) will entrust the League with the general supervision over the (f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern ARTICLE 24 There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux already established by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League. In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable. The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of the League. ARTICLE 25 The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and co-operation of duly authorised voluntary national Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world. ARTICLE 26 Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League. ANNEX 1. ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS SIGNATORIES OF THE TREATY OF PEACE II. FIRST SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The Honourable Sir James Eric DRUMMOND, K. C. M. G., C. B. Ο CHAPTER XLI THE AMERICAN LEGION UT of the great war issued an organization pledged to carry into the future Government of the United States the principles for which American blood was shed on land, at sea and in the air. This organization was the American Legion. A group of men fired with the determination to carry into civilian life visions revealed to them upon the battlefields of France met in the American Club near the Place de la Concorde in Paris on the morning of March 15th, 1919. Subsequent sessions were held in the Cirque de Paris on the 16th and 17th of March. These sessions were under the designation of the Paris caucus. Lieutenant-Colonel Bennett Clark of Missouri, son of Speaker Champ Clark of the National House of Representatives, then serving with the 35th Division, was chosen chairman of the caucus, and Lieutenant-Colonel T. W. Miller of Pennsylvania, serving in the 79th Division, was vice-chairman. The caucus itself was the outgrowth of a meeting under the auspices of Grand Headquarters, called for the purpose of bettering conditions and developing the sentiment in the American Expeditionary Forces. At that preliminary meeting the following representatives and organizations were present: Maj. R. C. Stewart... Lieut-Col. George A. White, ex-41st Div. 1st Div. .later Att. G. H. Q. Lieut.-Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex-83d Div. . . . . .later with 88th Div. When the Paris caucus assembled it elected a temporary executive committee of one hundred, of which Colonel Milton Foreman of Illinois, serving in the 33d Division, became chairman, Lieutenant-Colonel George H. White of Oregon, serving with the 41st Division, secretary; and Major R. C. Patterson of New York, serving in the Paris Command, assistant secretary as, follows: 1st Div.... 2d Div.. 26th Div. 26th Div. 27th Div.. 27th Div. 28th Div. 28th Div. 29th Div. 29th Div. 31st Div. 33d Div. 35th Div. 35th Div. 36th Div 36th Div. 41st Div. 42d Div.. 42d Div.. 77th Div. 77th Div. 79th Div. 79th Div.. 80th Div.. 81st Div.. 81st Div. 82d Div. Capt. Arthur S. Hyde Lieut.-Col. Harold C. Snyder Lieut.-Col. William J. Keville Lieut.-Col. Edward E. Gauche, N. Y. Lieut.-Col. Orison M. Hurd, N. J. Maj. Duncan Harris . Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla. |