Pounding the German lines opposite Baleycourt Woods, near Nixeville, Meuse, with French 340 millimeter guns on railway mounts manned by Yankee gunners of the 35th Coast Artillery, 80th Division. This gun hit two German Army Headquarters thirty kilometers

distant.

One of the most remarkable achievements of the Navy Ordnance Department was building these great railway mounts for 14-inch naval guns which had a range of thirty miles.

CHARGE OF AMERICANS TO THE CRY OF "LUSITANIA!"

United States troops in a bayonet charge in the early summer of 1918. An officer reported that he heard on all sides the shout "Lusitania!" as though welcoming the hour of punishment for that German crime.

bound by treaty to aid Great Britain in the war. She also had been embittered against Germany by Germany's interference in the China-Japanese war, and her ambitions in connection with China made the German occupation of the Chinese province of Tsing-Tau highly offensive. She declared war on August 23, 1914, threw her fleet and her army against Tsing-Tau on the 27th of August, and accepted the surrender of Admiral Waldeck, the German governor, on November 6th. Later, Japanese cruiser squadrons patrolled the Pacific, and did duty in the China Sea and in the Indian Ocean. Japan aided Russia with military supplies and later landed troops in Eastern Siberia, in association with the United States and Great Britain, to protect the Czecho-Slovaks from the Bolsheviki.

ITALY'S AID

On May 23, 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance, but according to the terms of the alliance, was bound to stand by Germany and Austria only in case of attack. She had refused to aid them in the beginning because they were the aggressors. Moreover, the feeling between Italy and Austria had never been friendly. The Austrians were still holding Italian provinces, and Italy felt toward Italia Irredenta as the French felt toward Alsace-Lorraine. The war was her opportunity. They demanded from Austria the restoration of Austria's Italian provinces. Negotiations lasted for some time, but finally Italy threw in her lot with the Allies on the basis of a private understanding, known as the Pact of London, entered into with Great Britain and France, by which she was to gain more than Austria could offer.

Italy began her attack on the very day on which war was declared. Her object was to occupy Trieste. At first she met with great success and by May 27th had moved across the Isonzo River to Monfalcone, sixteen miles northwest of Trieste. But she was held at that point. The Austrian Army had been strengthened by troops that had been originally assigned to the Austrian line in Galicia. Long and confused fighting followed, and when the United States entered the war, Italy was holding her own. Meantime Turkey joined the

war on the side of the central powers. This was the result of German intrigue, carried on for many years. The Turkish army had been reorganized by the Germans, under the direction of General Liman von Sanders. Turkish statesmen believed that Germany would win and they saw in an alliance with her a chance to recover their lost provinces in Europe. The Turkish people at the beginning appeared to sympathize with France and Great Britain, who had long been the friends and allies of the Turkish government.

THE WAR IN THE ORIENT

The plan of Turkey was to attack Russia in TransCaucasia, to send an expedition against the Suez Canal and another toward the Persian Gulf. The British were ready for them. They were driven from the Suez Canal, and a British expedition was sent to the Persian Gulf where it occupied Kurna at the junction of the Tigris and the Euphrates, and entrenched itself there to establish a barricade against a hostile advance upon India. In Trans-Caucasia, the Turkish army under Enver Pasha was sent against the Russians, and on December 25, 1914, they were defeated at Khorason. In 1915, the British determined, for political reasons, to capture Bagdad. Their forces at Kurna were reinforced, and, under command of General Townshend, moved north to Kut-El-Amara, which they captured on September 29th. They continued the advance, but the Turks determined to defend Bagdad, and gathering a great army they forced the British to retreat to Kut. After a long siege and several desperate attempts by the British to send relief, Townshend was compelled on April 28, 1916, to surrender to the Turks. The surrender of the English created a world-wide sensation. It was a great blow to the prestige of Great Britain in the Orient. A new expedition was at once organized to capture Bagdad, which drove the Turks before them in great confusion, recaptured Kut-El-Amara February 26, 1917, and occupied Bagdad on March 11th.

BRITISH FAILURE AT GALLIPOLI

Meantime, England had carried the war to the Dardanelles, and here occurred another British disaster.

The

Peninsula of Gallipoli is a tongue of land about fifty miles long, varying in width from twelve to two or three miles. It is a mass of rocky hills, hard to climb and easy to protect. It lies on the northern side of the Straits of the Dardanelles, and guards the entrance to the Sea of Marmora. Through the Dardanelles, guarded on each side by forts and batteries, covered with mine fields, it was necessary to pass to reach Constantinople. Yet the British determined to make the attempt. They reasoned that if Constantinople could be captured, Turkey would be forced to retire from the war. Easy communication with Russia would be established, opening up for the Allies the great Russian grain supply of which the need was already being felt. Bulgaria then meditating her attack upon Serbia, would be brought to terms, and Greece, which under King Constantine was inclined to aid Germany, would not dare to move.

It was a magnificent conception. The expedition was planned with the greatest care, and it was near success. The attack was made at first by the fleet alone. It began on the 19th of February, 1915. The English and French fleet passed up the Dardanelles smashing the Turkish forts and clearing up the mines for a distance of four miles. Then a detachment of marines was sent to shore, but was compelled to retreat to the boats. The forts at Cape Helles, at SeddEl-Bahr and at Dardanelles were silenced. But on the 18th, an endeavor to pass the Narrows, about halfway up the Dardanelles, failed with serious loss of ships and men, and the allied fleet retired from the Dardanelles.

Meanwhile, an expeditionary force was gathered. The main portion of it was composed of divisions from Australia and New Zealand, the Anzacs. The movement began on April 23d. The attack at the beginning seemed to be successful. The allied troops were landed at the southern end of the peninsula, and the Turks were pushed back. On June 4th a general attack was made with some of the most terrific fighting seen in the war. But the net result was an advance of about 500 yards. Strategy was then used and an expedition sent to Suvla Bay, on the western part of the peninsula to threaten the Turkish communications, This