road depot in Washington (July 2). He lingered until the 19th of September, when he died, at Long Branch, whither he had been removed. This mournful event caused a feeling of universal regret in this country, and called forth expressions of sympathy from every civilized nation. The Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, on taking the oath, then became President (Sept. 20).

24. The administration of President Arthur was marked by prudence, intelligence, and moderation. The official changes were not numerous, and political dissensions were in a good degree appeased, and party factions reconciled. A pension of $5,000 a year was granted by Congress to the widow of President Garfield. His assassin, after a long and exciting trial, was executed in June, 1882. In pursuance of treaty stipulations, Chinese immigration was restricted for a period of ten years. An international ex

hibition was held in New Orleans in 1884-5.

25. In 1884 the Republican and Democratic conventions nominated respectively for president, James G. Blaine, of Maine, and Grover Cleveland, governor of the State of New York. The contest between the two great parties was unusually close and exciting, and resulted in the election of the Democratic candidates. Cleveland was inau

GROVER CLEVELAND.

gurated March 4, 1885, as president, and Thos. A. Hendricks, of Indiana, as vice-president.

24. What was the character of Arthur's administration? What were the principal events? 25. Who were nominated for the office of president in 1884? Who was elected? Who was elected vice-president? When were they inaugurated?

26. Death of General Grant. The protracted sickness of General Grant had for some time engaged the sympathy of the people. His death occurred in 1885 (July 23), at Mount MacGregor, near Saratoga Springs (Map, p. 126), whence his remains were conveyed to the city of New York, and in solemn procession borne to the tomb prepared for them in Riverside Park, overlooking the Hudson River. The most affectionate tributes were paid to his memory by the people in all sections of the country, as to an illustrious soldier and a true patriot, to whose eminent services had been due in great part the salvation of the Union.

27. Statue of Liberty Unveiled.-One of the most interesting events of the second year of the Cleveland administration was the unveiling (Oct. 28) of the colossal statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World"-the work of a French artist named Bartholdi, and the gift of France to the people of the United States. It was erected on an island in the harbor of New York, upon a beautiful and lofty pedestal constructed for it. Count de Lesseps, the planner of the Suez Canal, made the presentation address, and President Cleveland, in behalf of the United States, accepted the gift. M. Bartholdi, the artist, took part in the ceremony of unveiling; and some of the most eminent orators and statesmen in the country participated in this dedication of the statue, as an emblem of the "friendship of nations and the peace of the world."

28. Chinese Immigration.-In 1888 Congress passed a more stringent law against Chinese immigration, declaring that it shall be unlawful for any Chinese person to enter the United States" (page 233). Chinese officials, teachers, students, merchants, and travellers for pleasure or curiosity are, however, excepted; but such persons are required to

26. What is said of the character, death, and funeral of General Grant? 27. Who was Bartholdi? What can you state of his work? Where now is the great statue? Where was it made? Ans. In Paris. State the particulars as to the ceremony of its presentation to our country. 28. What laws against the coming of the Chinese to our shores have been enacted?

obtain permission of the Chinese Government, or of whatever government they are subject to. Moreover, all Chinese laborers who, after residing in this country, have left it, are not permitted to return.

29. Twenty-sixth Presidential Election.-The Democratic Convention of 1888 nomi

nated President Cleveland for a second term, and with him Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for VicePresident. The Republican candidate for President was Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, grandson of General Harrison, the ninth president (page 181). Levi P. Morton, of New York, was nominated by the Republicans for Vice President. There were other parties by whom candidates were placed

BENJAMIN HARRISON.

in nomination, but the real contest was between the Democrats and the Republicans.

The

30. The canvass was an unusually exciting one. chief question at issue between the two great parties related to the tariff. The Democrats favored a reduction of duties; but the Republicans were opposed to this change, and desired that a protective tariff, or the American System (see page 175, 9), should be maintained. The election (Nov. 6) resulted in the choice of a majority of Republican electors, and on the 13th of February, 1889, the electoral votes were counted in the presence of the two Houses of Congress, and the election of Harrison and Morton was duly declared. The inauguration ceremonies took place on the 4th of March following.

29. Who were the candidates for President and Vice-President in 1888? What can you state of Harrison's ancestors? (See pages 162, 164, 181, App. 4.) 30. What is stated in relation to the tariff? What account can you give of previous tariffs? (Pages 175, 176, 177.) What was the result of the election of 1888? When and where did the inauguration take place?

CHAPTER XXI.

CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION.

1. Events Previously Related.-It will be seen from what has been related that the Revolution, or overturning of the Colonial government, was only effected by means of a long war, and that the Great Civil War was caused by the attempt of the Southern States to separate themselves from the Union and establish an independent nation.

2. Political and Civil History.-A nation is organized by means of its government; its organization, indeed, is its government; and hence an account of the wars which it has waged with other nations constitutes also a part of its political history. Civil history relates to its progress in civilization, its growth in population, and the improvements which it has made in the useful and fine arts, in manufactures, commerce, education, literature, etc.

3. Population.-The first census was taken in 1790, and showed a total population in the thirteen States, and in all the national territory, of about four millions. Philadelphia was then the largest city in the Union, and contained a population of less than forty-five thousand; while New York had only about thirty-three thousand. New Orleans, then a

French settlement, was a very small town.

4. The census of 1880 showed a population in the United States of over fifty millions; and that of New York had grown to 1,206,090. All the great cities of the West have attained their astonishing growth within the present century. Cincinnati, in 1805, contained only about five hundred inhabitants; and Chicago, in 1831, was a small village. St. Louis was but a small trading town, when, with Louisiana, it came under the United States government.

1. Subject of preceding chapters? 2. How is a nation organized? To what does civil history relate? 3. What did the census of 1790 show? What is said of Philadelphia? Of New York? New Orleans? 4. What did the census of 1880 show? Cities of the West ? St. Louis?

5. Agriculture.-The vast fertile domain of our country, constantly presenting new fields for farming industry, has made agriculture the leading pursuit, except in some small sections. The immense production of the cereal grains, such as wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, and barley, in the Northern States; and of cotton, rice, sugar, etc., in the Southern, has offered a splendid reward to the farmer and the planter.

6. Cotton Culture. The cultivation of cotton has been a prominent feature in the agricultural history of this country, and its results have revolutionized the commerce of the world. In 1790, it had hardly commenced; but, in 1860, before the breaking out of the Civil War, it reached the enormous aggregate of two thousand million pounds, or four millions of bales, and was the chief article of export of the country.

7. Railroads.-The rapid construction of railroads has aided very much the growth of the country. More than fifty thousand miles of railroads have been built during the last forty years. Of these, the Pacific Railroad is the most interesting. It extends from Omaha, in Nebraska, to San Francisco, being nearly two thousand miles long, and brings the great Eastern cities within a week's journey from San Francisco.

8. Telegraphs. The magnetic telegraph has been another mighty agent in advancing the interests of the nation. It was invented by Professor S. F. B. Morse, who, in 1844, erected between Baltimore and Washington the first magnetic telegraph ever used in the world.

PROFESSOR MORSE.

The next year it was extended to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. In 1860, there were over fifty thousand miles

5. Leading pursuit? Why? Chief products of the North? Of the South? 6. What is said of the cotton culture? 7. Railroads? How many miles built? Pacific Railroad? 8. Magnetic Telegraph? By whom invented? First telegraph ! How many miles in 1860? At present?