13. Subsequent Events.-During this war, Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was again captured by the English (1710), and its name changed to Annapolis, which means the City of Anna, this name being given to it in honor of the English queen. Three years afterward (1713), peace was made; and the French agreed to give up the peninsula of Acadia to the English, but they retained Cape Breton Island, and built there a very strong fortress, called Louisburg.

14. King George's War.-For about thirty years the colonies had peace, and they increased rapidly in population and wealth. New England was especially thriving. There was great activity in manufactures, commerce, and particularly in the cod and mackerel fisheries. But this state of quiet and prosperity was again disturbed by war, in 1744. France and England again went to war about the affairs of Europe, and the colonies were drawn into it. As this war broke out during the reign of George II., it is called King George's War.

15. Capture of Louisburg.—The chief event of the war in this country was the capture of Louisburg,* by a force consisting chiefly of New England militia, headed by a merchant of Maine, named William Pepperill, and an English fleet under Commodore Warren. The fortress held out for fifty days. This victory was achieved in 1745. Three years afterward the war ended (1748).

band and children. Two years afterward, many of the captives, including Mr. Williams and most of his children, were ransomed and returned home. The Indians had adopted his youngest daughter, and refused to give her up. She was married to a chief, and became accustomed to the Indian mode of life. Years afterward, she visited the home of her childhood, and her friends endeavored to induce her to remain there; but her love for her children, and her attachment to the Indian customs were too great to permit her to abandon them; and she returned to the fires of her wigwam.

*This fortress was called the "Gibraltar of America," on account of its great strength. It was given back to the French at the close of the war.

13. When was Port Royal taken? What was it named? When did the war end? What did the French give up? What did they retain? What fortress was built? 14. How long did peace continue? What is said of the prosperity of the colonies? When was the war recommenced? Its cause? 15. By whom was Louisburg cap. tured? When? When did the war end?

Map Questions.-What two rivers, uniting, form the Ohio? Where did Fort Duquesne stand? What two forts were on Lake Champlain! Where was Fort William Henry? Fort Oswego? Fort Niagara? Fort Schuyler? Fort Edward? Fort Frontenac? Where is Montreal? Schenectady? Albany? Lake Ontario? Lake George? Cape May? Cape Henlopen? Cape Charles? Cape Henry?

16. French and Indian War. The previous wars between the French and English colonies had arisen from disputes between France and England in regard to European affairs. In 1753, however, a difficulty sprung up between the colonies themselves, in relation to the boundary of their respective territories, which led to a war called the French and Indian War. The French, during the preceding half century, had done much to enlarge their colonial possessions, and in order to secure them had constructed forts at all suitable points. Along the line of the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi, they had established more than sixty military posts, some of great strength.*

17. English and French Claims. But the English claimed to have a prior right to this territory, since the whole had been discovered by their navigators, the Cabots. The French deemed this an absurd claim; since those navigators knew nothing of those vast inland regions which French missionaries and explorers had, with incredible difficulty, perseverance, and hardships, discovered and settled. For years these rival claims were urged; but the crisis did not arrive till 1753.

18. The Ohio Company.-Four years previous to this date, a company of Virginians obtained a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, for the purpose of trading with the Indians. This company was called the Ohio Company. The French, about the same time, built forts on the Ohio and its

"The settlements of the French, stretching from north to south, neces sarily interfered with those of the English, stretching from east to west. Their plan, if executed, would have completely environed the English. Canada and Louisiana, united, would, as has been aptly said, have formed a bow, of which the English colonies would have constituted the string. *** The delightful region between the summit of the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi, was the object for which these two powerful nations contended; and it now became apparent that the sword alone could decide the contest."-Marshall's Life of Washington.

16. What had caused previous wars between the colonies? What difficulty sprung up in 1753? What had the French done during the preceding half century? 17. What was the ground of the English claim? The French claim? 18. What was the Ohio Company? Where did the French build forts? What act of hostility did they commit ?

branches, in order to occupy the territory; and considering the English traders as trespassers, they arrested three of them, and carried them to Presque Isle (presk eel), now Erie, in Pennsylvania.

19. Washington's Mission.-Complaint was accordingly made to Robert Dinwiddie, lieutenant-governor of Virginia; and it was resolved to send a letter of remonstrance to the French commander. The person chosen to carry this letter was GEORGE WASHINGTON, then about twenty-one years of age,* but already distinguished as a young man of prudence and energy. He was a surveyor by profession; and, in the militia service, had reached the rank of major.

20. The Journey-its Result.-The task imposed upon him was a very difficult one. It was in the midst of winter when he set out; and he had to travel several hundred miles through an almost pathless wilderness, infested by bands of lurking savages, cruel and treacherous. Still, the task was accomplished. The letter was duly delivered, and an answer returned. The French officer, however, gave no satisfaction, but referred the governor of Virginia to the Marquis du Quesne (kane), governor-general of Canada.

21. Washington's Expedition. Before this, the Ohio Company had commenced to construct a fort at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers; and Dinwiddie, on receiving the French commander's reply, sent a military

Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732.

In passing through the forest, he narrowly escaped being shot by a lurking Indian. “On reaching the Alleghany, with one poor hatchet and a whole day's work, a raft was constructed and launched; but before they were half over the river, they were caught in the running ice, expecting every moment to be crushed, unable to reach either shore. Putting out a pole to stop the raft, Washington was jerked into the deep water, and saved himself only by grasping the raft-logs." He and his companion, however, succeeded in reaching an island, where they passed the night. In the morning they were enabled to cross safely on the ice.

19. Who was sent to the French fort? What is said of Washington? 20. Describe the journey? What was its result? 21. What expedition was sent out? What occurred?

force to protect the works. The French, however, before this could be done, dispatched a body of troops, took possession of the place, and completed the fort, naming it Fort du Quesne. Washington, on whom the command of the Virginia troops devolved, heard of this event, and halted at a place called the Great Meadows, near which he attacked a small body of French, and defeated them (May 28, 1754). He was, however, soon obliged to withdraw from his post* at the Great Meadows, and return to Virginia without accomplishing the object of the expedition.

22. Braddock's Expedition. In 1755, General Braddock, an officer of skill and experience, was sent from England with several regiments of

British regular soldiers, to take command of all the forces in the colonies. Several expeditions were arranged against the French forts in different parts of the country; one of them, against Fort du Quesne, led by Braddock himself. Confident of success, he marched through the wilderness, heedless of danger from the savages, and treated with contempt the suggestion of Washington,

GENERAL BRADDOCK.

who served as his aid, that he should scour the woods so as to protect his army from a surprise by the Indians.

23. Thus he rashly pushed on till about ten miles from the fort, when the soldiers' ears were suddenly assailed by the savage war-whoop, and a deadly fire was poured into their

*Fifteen hundred French and Indians attacked him at this post, called Fort Necessity; but, after a brave defense of ten hours, he was compelled to capitulate (July 4th).

22. Who took the chief command? What expedition did he lead in person? His march? 23. How was he defeated? Who covered the retreat? State all you can of Braddock.