ranks from an unseen foe. soldiers were shot down like deer, and the general was mortally wounded.* Washington,t at the head of the Virginia riflemen, checked the enemy, and covered the retreat of the army. His escape was wonderful, for he had two horses shot

Panic and disorder ensued; the

under him, and four balls passed through his coat. Braddock died on reaching the Great Meadows, forty miles from the scene of the disaster.

24. Other Expeditions.- Governor Shirley, about the same time, was to have taken Fort Niagara ; but his movements were delayed for months; and, after the defeat of Braddock, the Indians who were with his army deserting, he was obliged to return to Albany. General Johnson, who possessed great influence with the Six Nations, was to take the French forts on Lake Champlain; but he was attacked in his camp at the head of Lake George, by the French and Indians under Baron Dieskau (de-es-ko'); and, although they were repulsed, he returned

INDIAN CHIEF.

* Braddock had five horses disabled under him; at last a bullet entered his right side, and he fell mortally wounded. He was with difficulty brought off the field, and borne in the train of the fugitives. All the first day he was silent, but at night he roused himself to say: "Who would have thought it?" A short time before his death he remarked, "We shall know better how to deal with them another time."-Bancroft.

"I expected every moment," said one whose eye was on Washington, to see him fall. Nothing but the superintending care of Providence could have saved him." An Indian chief singled him out with his rifle, and bade others of his warriors do the same. "Some potent Manitou guards his life," exclaimed the savage.-Bancroft.

After the battle, Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As the British soldiers approached, he felt for his watch, intending to give it to them in order to insure kind treatment; but one of them, thinking he was searching for a pistol, shot him, inflicting an incurable wound. He was taken prisoner, and sent to Europe, where he died after ten years' suffering from the injuries received.

24. Shirley's expedition? Johnson's expedition? What is said of Dieskau

without accomplishing anything, except the construction of a fort at the head of the lake, which was named Fort William Henry.

25. In the same year the English, under Colonel Monck'ton, landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy, captured the French forts, and destroyed the settlements. It was a cruel deed; the country was laid waste, and the people were driven in thousands from their homes, placed on board the British vessels, and scattered among the colonists of New England and other places. Thus were the people of Nova Scotia prevented from giving any aid to the French during this war.*

26. The English accomplished but little during the next two years; but the French and their savage allies were very active, and gained some advantages. Fort Oswego, built by Shirley in 1755, was captured in 1756 by the Marquis Montcalm (mont-kam'), the commander-in-chief of the French forces, and with it a large amount of money and military stores fell into the hands of the victors. After demolishing the forts, to allay the jealousy of the Indians, Montcalm left Oswego a solitude, and returned to Canada.

27. Taking of Fort William Henry.—In 1757, Montcalm, with a large force of French and Indians, laid siege to Fort William Henry. After a defense of six days, its brave commander, Colonel Monro, was obliged to surrender. Although the French general had agreed that the English

* This cruel measure was adopted because the people refused to take the oath of allegiance to King George of England. It was carried into effect in the most merciless manner, and with scarcely any warning to the unfortunate Acadians. In one of the districts, the male inhabitants were required to assemble in church on a set day, to listen to the king's proclamation. When they were collected, the doors were closed; they were prisoners, and were told that it was the king's order that they should leave the country. They were forthwith marched to the sea-shore, where they found their weeping wives and children, all of whom were placed aboard the ships which were to take them from their homes forever. In some cases the members of families were separated, some being sent to one colony, and others to a far distant one.

25. What was done by Colonel Monckton? How were the Acadians treated? 26. What was done by the English during 1756 and 1757? By the French? 27. Give an account of the taking of Fort William Henry? What was the conduct of the Indians?

garrison should retire in safety, they had proceeded but a short distance from the fort when they were attacked by the Indians, and a large number of them were savagely massacred.* The fort was demolished by order of Montcalm.

28. Change in the Administration. So little had been accomplished up to this time against the French, that the English people resolved to have a change in the administration of the government, and the celebrated William Pitt † was placed at the head of affairs. Preparations were immediately made for carrying on the war with vigor, and fifty thousand men were placed in the field.

29. Points of Attack.-The French, at this time, held forts by which their trade and possessions were strongly protected in every direction. Fort du Quesne guarded the territory west of the Alleghanies; Crown Point and Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, closed the route to Canada; Niagara protected the fur trade of the Great Lakes and the region beyond; Louisburg men

WILLIAM PITT.

* Montcalm had carefully kept all intoxicating drinks from the Indians, but the English supplied them; and the savages grew wild with dances and songs of revelry. At daybreak, as the English soldiers filed out of the fort, the Indians gathered round the entrenchments, and began to plunder and tomahawk them. It was in vain that the French officers rushed into the tumult, and received wounds themselves in endeavoring to rescue the captives. Montcalm himself exclaimed: "Kill me, but spare the English, who are under my protection." He afterwards collected more than four hundred fugitives and prisoners, and sent an escort with them to insure their safety. He also sent an officer to ransom those whom the Indians had carried away.

William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, was born at Westminster, England, in 1708. At the beginning of the American Revolution he was opposed to the measures of the British ministry in the American colonies; but, at the close of a speech, made in 1778 in Parliament, in which he spoke against a motion to acknowledge the independence of America, he fell in an apoplectic fit, and was borne home, where he died in a few weeks afterward. 28. What change took place in the English administration?

aced New England and guarded the fisheries; and Quebec, with its strong fortifications, was the key to the possession of Canada. A vigorous effort was now to be made to capture all these strong posts, and thus to destroy the French power in America.

30. Success of the English.-General Forbes, in 1758,

The French set fire
The English restored

led the expedition against Fort du Quesne, Washington having the command of the Virginia militia. to the fort as he approached, and fled. the works, and called the place Fort Pitt, in honor of the great minister and statesman. The same year Louisburg was captured by General Amherst; and Fort Frontenac, the

29. What forts were held by the French at this time? What was protected by each? 30. Give an account of the taking of Fort du Quesne. Who took Louisburg? Fort Frontenac ?

French fort at the outlet of Lake Ontario, was taken by General Bradstreet.

31. Abercromby's Expedition. The finest expedition of the war was that under General Abercromby, the commander-in-chief, the object of which was to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point. With sixteen thousand men he descended Lake George in boats, and landing at its northern extremity, commenced a march through the dense forests towards Ticonderoga, then commanded by Montcalm.

32. The advance, under Lord Howe, was suddenly met by the French, and repulsed, the leader being killed. This discouraged the army, and they fell back to the landing-place; but resuming their march, they advanced against the fort and made an assault. The attempt failed; and after losing nearly two thousand men, they were obliged to retreat.

33. Victories of Amherst and Wolfe.-The next year (1759), General Amherst succeeded in driving the French from the posts on Lake Champlain; and Fort Niagara was also taken. The great event of this year, however, was the defeat of Montcalm and the taking of Quebec by General Wolfe, who had distinguished himself in the capture of Louisburg the preceding year.

34. With an army of eight thousand men, Wolfe ascended the St. Lawrence in June, and commenced a series of attacks. which were unsuccessful. He then resolved upon another plan. During the night of the 12th of September, his troops landed at a place about two miles above the city, and climbing by a narrow path the steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at daylight stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array.

35. At first, Montcalm could scarcely believe it possible that the British army could have reached the plains; but he soon found that he had to march out of his intrenchments,

31. What is said of Abercromby's expedition? Its route? 33. What places were taken by Amherst in 1759? What by Wolfe? 34. Describe Wolfe's expedition. Battle on the Plains of Abraham. Who fell in the battle? When did the city surrender? 35. Result of this victory? Surrender of Montreal? When was peace made? The terms of the treaty? What were ceded by Spain?