eation of water than mentioned above, but, as a shower in Washington reduced the temperature of the pavements 15 degrees, it seems that a liberal and long-continued application would be more effective. In the area between East Broadway and Houston street, east of the Bowery, comprising the 10th, 13th and parts of the 11th and 17th Wards, the population is not only greater per acre than in any other locality, but the standard of living is thought to be lower than in any other American city.* The total paved area is 247,430 square yards, of which 164,550 yards, or two-thirds, is paved with asphalt, which now covers the wheelways of the most densely populated strets. Mr. Crowell's estimate of cost shows that for a first expenditure of $326,700 and a yearly cost for operation and maintenance of the pumps and pipe system of about $32,000, in addition to the services of the Street Cleaning Department, all the streets in this district lying between East Broadway and Houston street, east of the Bowery, could be flushed to materially reduce the temperature, and throughout most of the year be kept in a state of nearly per *The relations of these wards to the rest of the Borough of Manhattan is shown by excerpts from reports of the Board of Health, based on the census of 1895 and the report of 1898, in the following table: AREAS, POPULATION, ETC., IN THE BOROUGH OF It is computed from the above table that while the average inhabitant of the Borough of Manhattan has an area of 10 feet by 34 at his disposal, over 70,000 people in the tenth ward have only 10 feet by 7, and 200,000 in the four wards mentioned have an area of 10 feet by 9.2. These figures are for total areas, including parks, streets, houses, etc. It is further computed that while the percentage of infant mortality for the whole Borough was for 1898 39 per cent., in the four wards under consideration these deaths were 47.4 per cent. of the total. fect cleanliness. By the same operation all the sewers of the district would be kept free from putrescible deposit and the area would be provided with an effective fire service. By taking the water from the above-mentioned district as proposed, from the point of Corlear's Hook, water of substantially equal purity to that used in the swimming bath of the Produce Exchange would be obtained. It is self-evident that no salt water should be taken from any point where it is not entirely free from sewage pollution. Watering Macadam Pavements. Of, approximately, 2,343 miles of streets now opened in the City of New York, 253 miles are paved with asphalt or vitrified brick, 710 with stone and 760 with macadam; 620 miles are unpaved. The cost of maintaining the present macadam surface and the large area yet to be laid, and the comfort of those who either live on or use the streets, will be greatly and favorably influenced by the City's ability to water these roads sufficiently to prevent their breaking up and becoming dusty. The possibility of using salt water for this purpose not only offers relief from fears of a lack of supply, but as sea water is some three times as effective both in binding the surface of macadam and in laying dust, its use would result in a decided economy as compared with the use of fresh water. Respectfully submitted, THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE, Chairman, Past Pres. Am. Soc. C. E. RUDOLPH HERING, Vice-Pres. Am. Soc. C. E. EDWARD P. NORTH, M. Am. Soc. C. E. H. S. HAINES, M. Am. Soc. C. E. D. MCN. STAUFFER, M. Am. Soc. C. E. H. G. PROUT, M. Am. Soc. C. E. E. E. OLCOTT, M. Am. Soc. C. E. HENRY R. TOWNE, Past Pres. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. R. R. BOWKER, Esq. NEW YORK, June 15, 1900. Engineering Committee. [ENGINEERING COMMITTEE: PART V: APPENDICES.] APPENDIX A. REPORT ON THE HISTORY, CONDITION AND NEEDS OF THE NEW YORK CITY WATER SUPPLY AND RESTRICTION OF WASTE OF WATER. BY J. JAMES R. CROES, M. Am. Soc. C E., M. Inst. C. E. CONTENTS OF APPENDIX A. INTRODUCTORY, I. THE MANHATTAN WATER SYSTEM, Summary of History, Management, Etc., II. THE BROOKLYN, QUEENS AND RICHMOND Systems, Brooklyn, Richmond, III. EXTRAORDINARY CONSUMPTION AND LEAKAGE, IV. ACTUAL CONSUMPTION OF WATER, Divisions of Water Consumption, Water Used for Public Purposes, Water Used for Business Purposes: Records of Meters, Private Meter Records, Water Used for Domestic and General Purposes, V. LOCALIZING AND PREVENTING WASTE, 131 135 137 138 141 Power to Fix Rents, Etc., for Reduction of Street Waste, Water Supply of the Borough of Brooklyn (Table), Meter Tests of Domestic Consumption, Deductions from Meter Records, Water Supply of Manhattan and Bronx Boroughs (Table), Municipal Assembly: Water Supply, |