CASES FROM THE ENGLISH, SCOTCH, AND IRISH REPORTS. The pages referred to are those between brackets L ]. East India Company v. Campbell, Kinder v. Kinder, 42. 412. Edmian and Smith's Case, 388. Elsebe, The, 40, n. F. Fama, The, 28, n. 244. King v. Kimberley, 412. Knight the Negro, Case of, 336. L. Langhorn v. Allnutt, 97. Le Case de mixt, Moneys, 69. FROM THE REPORTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN Church v. Hubbards, 211, n. 233. Dalafield v. Hand, 57, n. COMMENTARIES UPON INTERNATIONAL LAW. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. I. THE great community, the universal commonwealth of the world, comprehends a variety of individual members manifesting their independent national existence through the medium of an organized government, and called by the name of States. (a) II. States in their corporate capacity, like the individuals which compose them, are (subject to certain limitations) free moral agents, capable of rights, and liable to obligations.(6) (a) "Communitas, quæ genus humanum aut populos complures inter se colligat"—"jura magnæ universitatis."-Grotius, de Jure Belli et Pacis, Proleg. 17.23. “Sociétés, qui forment les nations-membres principaux de ce grand corps qui renferme tous les hommes."-D'Aguesseau, 1. 444; Institution au Droit Public, v., vi. "Comme dont le genre humain compose une société universelle divisée en diverses nations, qui ont leur gouverneurs separées," &c.—Domat, Traité des Lois, ch. 11, s. 39. (6) Dig. lib. v. tit. i. 76: "(De inoff. testamento) populum eundem hoc tempore putari, qui abhinc centum annis fuisset, cum ex illis nemo nunc viveret.” Dig. lib. vii. tit. i. 56: "(De usufructu) an ususfructûs nomine actio, municipibus dari debeat, quæstitum est, periculum enim esse videbatur ne perpetuus fieret quia neque morte nec facilè capitis diminutione periturus est . sed tamen placuit dandam esse actionem: unde sequens dubitatio est quousque tuendi sunt municipes? et placuit centum annis tuendos esse municipes, quia is finis vita longævi hominis est. The expression municipes is identical with municipium.-Savigny, R. R. ii. 249. Dig. lib. xlvi. tit. i. 22: “(De fidejuss.) hæreditas persona vice fungitur sicuti municipium, et curia, et societas." Dig. lib. iii. tit. 4: "Quod cujuscunque universitatis nomine vel contra rem agatur."-Lib. i. s. 1, 2. Cod. lib. ii. t. 29; "De jure reipublicæ: 30, de administratione rerumpublicarum; 31, de vendendis rebus civitatis; 32, de debitoribus civitatum." Hobbes, with his usual perspicuity: "Quia civitates semel institutæ induunt proprietates hominum personales."-De Civ. c. 14, ss. 4, 5. |