Aali Pasha, Pan-Islam agitation of, 65 Abbas Hilmi, Khedive, pro-Turkish

views of, 185; deposition of, 185; Pan-Arabianism supported by, 202 Abd-el-Kader, French resisted by, 49 Abd-el-Malek Hamsa, Pro-Germanism of, 186

Abd-el-Wahab, Mohammedan revival

begun by, 26, 48; birth of, 26; early life of, 27 ff.; influence of, 28; death of, 28

Abdul Hamid, despotism of, 39; as caliph, 48; Senussi's opposition to, 48, 56; Djemal-ed-Din protected by, 63 f.: Pan-Islam policy of, 65 f.; character of, 65 ff.; government of, 66; deposition of, 67, 142; tyrannical policy of, 138; nationalism opposed by, 166, 196; Arabs conciliated by, 169 f.

Abu Bekr, 28; policy of, 135 ff.
Abyssinian

Church, Mohammedan

threat against, 60 Afghanistan, religious uprisings in, 50; nineteenth-century independence of, 140; Bolshevism in, 338 ff.; rebellion of, 339 ff. Africa-Mohammedan missionary work in, 59 f. See also North Africa Agadir crisis, 69

Ahmed Bey Agayeff, Pan-Turanism aided by, 197

Alexandria, massacre of Europeans in, 177

Algeria, French conquest of, 49, 188; Kabyle insurrection in, 50; compulsory vaccination in, 113; liberal political aspirations in, 140 ff.; need for European government in, 145 Allenby, General, Egypt in control of, 211

Amanullah Khan, Bolshevism of, 338;

war on England declared by, 339; present policy of, 353

Anatolia, Bolshevist manifesto to, 345 Anglo-Russian Agreement, terms of, 189 ff.

Arabi Pasha, Djemal-ed-Din's influence on, 176; revolution in Egypt headed by, 176

Arabia, description of natives of, 27;

Turks fought by, 28; defeat of, 29; political freedom of, 135; democracy in, 151; nationalist spirit in, 167 ff.;

Turkish rulers opposed by, 167 f.; suppression of, 170; 1905 rebellion of, 170; effect of Young-Turk revolution on, 172 ff.; 1916 revolt of, 174; Pan-Arabism in, 172; religious character of Pan-Arab movement in, 201 ff.; effect of Great War on, 202, 218 ff.; Allied encouragement of, 218; peace terms and, 219; English agreement with, 219 f.; revolt against Turks of, 220; secret partition of, 220 ff.; Colonel Lawrence's influence in, 221; secret treaties revealed to, 222; France and England in, 222 f.; Mustapha Kemal aided by, 230 ff.; English negotiations with, 235; Bolshevist manifesto to, 345

Arabian National Committee, creation of, 170

Archer, William, on overpopulation in India, 312

Argyll, Duke of, overpopulation in
India, 311

Armenia, Bolshevist manifesto to, 345
Arya Somaj, 247
Atchin War, 50

Azerbaidjan, Bolshevist revolution in, 343 ff.

Babbist movement in Persia, 324
Baber, Mogul Empire founded by, 243
Baku, Congress of Eastern Peoples at,
344, 351

Balkan War, 68; Mohammedans roused by, 70

Barbary States, French conquest of, 188 Bérard, Victor, on the enmity of Turks and Arabs, 167 ff.; France's Syrian policy criticised by, 236

Bertrand, Louis, anti-Western feeling in Orient described by, 114 f.; on social conditions in the Levant, 319,

321

Bevan, Edwyn, nationalist views of, 149 f.

Bin Saud, Ikhwan movement led by, 86 Bolshevism, effects on Orient of, 208; Mustapha Kemal aided by, 232 ff.; the East a field for, 335 ff.; propaganda of, 336 ff., 341 ff.; Oriental policy of, 337; in Afghanistan, 338 ƒƒ.; manifesto to Mohammedans issued by, 341 f.; manifesto to Turks issued

by, 342 ff.; "Congress of Eastern Peoples" held by, 344 ƒfƒ. Bombay, English character of, 120; social conditions in, 320 ƒfƒ. Bose, Pramatha Nath, on economic conditions in India, 291 ff. Brahminism, illiberalism of, 143 Brailsford, H. N., on modern industry in Egypt, 280 ff.; on social conditions in Egypt, 318 ƒƒ.

British East India Company, 244 Bukhsh, S. Khuda, reform work of, 38 ff.; nationalism in India opposed by, 148 ff.; on Indian social conditions, 299 f.

Caetani, Leone, 76

Cahan, Léon, Turanism and, 194 Cairo, revolt in, 211; modern women in, 306

Calcutta, English character of, 120; social conditions in, 320

Caliphate, Islam strengthened by, 46 f.; history of, 47; Turkey the head of, 47 ff.

Chelmsford, Lord, report of, 257 ƒƒ. China, Mohammedan insurrection in, 50, 61 f.; Mohammedan missionary work in, 61; number of Mohammedans in, 62; Mohammedan agitation in, 73

Chirol, Valentine, Western influence in Orient described by, 94 ff.; on Egyptian situation, 212 f.; MontaguChelmsford Report approved by, 261; on Egyptian conditions since the war, 321 f.; on Bolshevism in India, 352

Congress of Eastern Peoples, 344 ff. Constantine, King, recalled, 230 Constantinople, Allied occupation of, 228 ff.; changes since 1896 in, 297 ƒfƒ.; status of women in, 306 Cox, Sir Percy, English-Arabian negotiations made by, 235; influence of, 237

Cromer, Lord, on Islam, 36, 39; Western influence in Orient described by, 96; ethics of imperialism formulated by, 101, 122, 143 f.; Egyptian administration of, 177; resignation of, 181; on western-educated Egypt, 304; on overpopulation in India, 312 Curtis, Lionel, nationalism in India supported by, 154 ff.; Montagu

Chelmsford Report approved by, 261 Curzon-Wyllie, Sir, assassination of,

252

Damascus, French in, 226 ƒjƒ.
Dar-ul-Islam, 203 ƒƒ.

Dickinson, G. Lowes, on Eastern economics, 295

Djemal-ed-Din, birth of, 63; character

of, 63; anti-European work of, 63; in India, 63; in Egypt, 63; Abdul Hamid's protection of, 63 ff.; death of, 64; teachings of, 64 ff.; nationalism taught by, 164; Egypt influenced by, 176; in Russia, 337 Dutch East Indies, Mohammedan uprisings in, 50; Mohammedan missionary work in, 62

Egypt, nationalism in, 39, 140 f.; Mahdist insurrection in, 50; 1914 insurrection of, 73; exiled Arabs in, 170; characteristics of people of, 174 f.; early European influences in, 175; nationalist agitation in, 176 ff.; influence of Djemal-ed-Din in, 176; 1882 revolution in, 176 ff.; Lord Cromer's rule of, 177; France's influence in, 178 ff.; failure of English liberal policy in, 181 ff.; Lord Kitchener's rule in, 182 ff.; effect of outbreak of World War on, 185 ff.; made English protectorate, 185 ff.; PanArabism in, 201; Versailles conference's treatment of, 207; nationalist demands of, 210; Allenby in control of, 211; rebellion of, 211 ff.; martial law in, 212; situation after rebellion in, 213 f.; English commission of inquiry in, 215; English compromise with, 216; opposition to compromise in, 216 f.; modern factories in, 277, 280; industrial conditions in, 280 ff.; social conditions in, 319; social revolution in, 332 ff. El-Gharami, 36 El Mahdi, 51

England, Egypt's rebellion against, 208 ff.; Commission of Inquiry into Egyptian affairs appointed by, 215; Egyptian compromise with, 216; opposition to compromise in, 216; Arabia and, 219 ff.; in Mesopotamia, 219 ff.; in Palestine, 220; French disagreement with, 223 ff.; at San Remo conference, 225; Mesopotamian rebellion against, 227 ff.; Sèvres Treaty and, 229; Greek agreement with, 229; Arabian negotiations with, 235; in India, 243 f.

Enver Pasha, Pan-Turanism and, 199; in Russia, 337

Feisal, Prince, at peace conference, 222 ff.; peace counsels of, 223; made king of Syria, 226

Fisher, on social conditions in India, 319 f.

France, Morocco seized by, 69; antiBritish propaganda of, 178 ƒƒ.; Arabia and, 219; Syrian aspirations of, 219