tesimal when one recalls that Japan has almost 700,000 teachers; yet it is a beginning, and the Japanese intend to carry on the institute within the limits of their capabilities during the years to come. Additionally, in-service training has been provided through summer schools, extension courses, workshops, and prefectural institutes reaching other thousands of teachers who are motivated by a desire to improve themselves professionally and to up-grade their present certificates. In this area, there still is much to be done but progress to date has been encouraging.

10. While great assistance has been given the Japanese by the many qualified educators brought from the United States, it long has been recognized that actual residence at American universities by Japanese educators and other professional people would provide experience in the democratic way of life and in modern educational concepts which might well influence the whole course of Japan's future history. The Congress wisely provided funds for this purpose, and in 1949 the first post-war group of Japanese, consisting of 53 members of educational faculties of Japanese universities, were selected to go to the United States for a year of study and observation. Increased appropriations have permitted the sending of larger groups since then; in all, 804 Japanese university and college graduates, including 132 women, have been selected through nation-wide competition and sent to 148 universities in the United States under the GARIOA interchange of persons program. Selection of an additional group, the last under this appropriation, is under way at the present time. In addition to those who have been awarded GARIOA scholarships, approximately 750 students, many of them undergraduates, have gone to the United States under private sponsorship, while an additional 77, under private sponsorship, have gone to other countries.

11. Apart from graduate students, a large number of persons prominent in Government service or the professions have gone to the United States for short periods of observation and consultation. Included in this group have been 261 Japanese educators.

12. Never before have Japanese gone aboard for study in such numbers; never before have so many present or potential Japanese leaders brought back to Japan, to share with thousands of their countrymen, so much experience in life as we know it in the free world.

13. It would be unfair to conclude this brief discussion of Japanese education without inviting attention to some of the many problems which still face the Japanese in their struggle to achieve and maintain a modern, democratic school system. Foremost among these problems is that of financial support. Japan is a poor country; the sacrifices involved in the maintenance of its new school system are tremendous. Teachers' salaries are pitifully small; the profession is not an attractive one from the economic standpoint. School facilities are yet woefully inadequate, even based on emergency standards. Much remains to be done in the training of elementary and secondary teachers; universities face problems not only of reorganization but of reorientation. Nevertheless, the future is not entirely dark, and the tremendous, almost pathetic, faith of the Japanese people in education inspires confidence that progress will continue in the years to come.

14. Equally important to the strengthening of democratic tendencies in Japan, as in any nation, is an informed citizenry. And to insure

that the Japanese are adequately informed has been and continues to be one of the missions of SCAP. In addition to providing information concerning occupation objectives, it was necessary, especially in the early days of the occupation, to give guidance and assistance to the Japanese media in their new freedoms and responsibilities.

15. SCAP information programs, covering broad fields connected with the political, economic, and social rehabilitation of Japan, reach the Japanese people not through media owned or operated by SCAP but through media owned and operated by the Japanese themselves. Included in these media are newspapers, magazines, books, films, news reels, and radio.

16. At the end of the war, Japan had 53 daily newspapers with a combined circulation of about 13,500,000 daily, or 1 copy for every 5.4 persons in the population. These were immediately liberated from the tight Government control which had prevailed for years. Tutelage was started which had three broad objectives: To have editors comprehend and cooperate with SCAP policies, to develop a sense of responsible journalism, and to elevate professional standards. At the present time there are 168 general daily newspapers, with the total circulation estimated in excess of 28,500,000, or a copy for every 2.8 persons in the country. Available to the Japanese press from the very start of the occupation have been the news and features of most of the major world news agencies, including the Associated Press, United Press, International News Service, Reuters, and Agence France Presse. What they provide is supplemented with documentary, background, and interpretive materials supplied by SCAP. Japanese newspapers have justified the faith placed in them by the supreme commander; the press in Japan today compares favorably with that of any of the nations of the free world.

17. With the lifting of wartime controls, Japanese magazines, ponular and specialized, increased in number from about 600, with a combined circulation of less than 6 million, to about 2,400 at the present time, with a total circulation estimated at somewhat over 36,000,000. Many of these magazines regularly solicit articles obtained for their consideration from American magazines, more than 100 of which have given permission for use of anything they print, from Department of Army and Department of State writers, from United States Government and United Nations publications, and from the British and Australian Governments. Such articles embrace all subjects-political, social, literary, economic, scientific, and technical. In 1950, Japanese magazines took approximately 5,000 articles. Probably never before has a comparable volume of foreign material appeared in the periodicals of any country.

18. With a circulation of 650,000, Reader's Digest is published in Tokyo in the Japanese language. Printed in English in Japan within a few days of their appearance in the United States are Time, Newsweek, and the overseas weekly of the New York Times. On sale also are Life, Collier's, American, Woman's Home Companion, and various other magazines shipped in commercially from the United States, as well as various British periodicals.

19. Radio broadcasting in Japan was until recently a monopoly of of the Broadcasting Corp. of Japan, a public body which operates 2

networks of 114 stations of varying power covering the whole country. The corporation is maintained by fees collected from all owners of receivers. Recently, competitive stations have been licensed, but it is still too early to assess their influence. BCJ has improved markedly in its programing in the past 6 years. Objectivity has been achieved in newscasts. New types of programs have been developed, notably a number with public participation. Machinery has been created to determine what listeners want to hear, and much has been done to modify programs to satisfy their preferences. Broadcasting for classroom reception has made radio an educational tool which has broadened the horizons of both school children and teachers. At the present time, there are more than 9 million licensed receivers in Japan, with an audience of more than 45 million persons.

20. As English is read easily by many Japanese, it is possible through books and periodicals in that language to make accessible to them much of what they need and want to know about the rest of the world, and to familiarize them with the institutions, culture, and accomplishments of the United States and the other free nations. This is being done in 23 SCAP-CIE information centers located in major cities on all 4 of the main islands of Japan. Basic stock for the 23 centers includes 271,000 books and 22,500 subscriptions to 1,143 periodicals. The centers are more than libraries. In an average 4-week period, they sponsored 34 inspection tours for special groups, 68 children's story hours, 159 English classes, 46 lectures, 120 meetings of various groups, 103 showings of documentary films, 85 concerts of recorded American music, and 14 square dances. Attendance at these centers averages over 280,000 monthly. So great is the popularity of these centers that the last four have been established in communities which offered to provide the necessary building and maintenance if SCAP would provide the director and the book stock. The influence of these centers cannot be overemphasized, and it is hoped by the Japanese, and by thoughtful Americans as well, that ways and means will be found to continue the operation of all of them after SCAP is deactivated.

21. The potentialities of motion pictures as a reorientation mediumı have been exploited fully. In this field, perhaps more than any other, it has been necessary to supplement the facilities and materials made available to the Japanese from their own resources or from foreign commercial sources. Through visual libraries or centers, 1 in each of the 46 prefectures, some 1,300 16-millimeter sound projectors from the United States are being loaned to schools, citizens' public halls, parent-teacher association, youth groups, labor unions, farm cooperatives, and other organizations for the showing of documentary or educational films. For the nation-wide distribution made possible by these projectors, films which further occupation objectives and which familiarize the Japanese with the institutions, culture, and accomplishments of the western democracies have been obtained principally from the United States, and in small quantities from Canada, Great Britain, and Australia. Many of them are of government origin, but others are acquired from commercial distributors or private organizations. Some have been produced to meet specific SCAP requirements by American film producers under contract. A number have been pro

duced in Japan. Most of those produced abroad were intended originally for audiences with different backgrounds, and often must be adapted for the Japanese through elimination or addition of scenes. For all, the language of the sound track is translated into Japanese. At the present time, more than 300 titles are in distribution, and new subjects are being released at the rate of 10 per month. Distributed through the prefectural visual libraries and through the theatrical chains, these films are now seen by more than 40 million Japanese per month. Some 30 percent of the Japanese in isolated rural areas see no films other than these SCAP-CIE documentaries. The films thus made available to the Japanese show the cities, towns, and farms of the United States and other countries. They show schools and factories. They show people living and working together in a democratic society. Some focus attention on such universal problems as the world. food shortage, the fight against disease, and soil conservation. In the past year, emphasis has been placed on films which show the struggle of the free nations against Communist aggression. One of these, the Crime of Korea, has been seen by 12 million Japanese since its release in March. Others, such as the UN and World Disputes, Under the UN Flag, and As Russia Sees It, have attracted audiences ranging from 5 to 14 million. The retention of this vast audience, even after SCAP is deactivated, appears desirable from all points of view.

22. Finally, mention should be made of American and other foreign books translated and published in the Japanese language. Copyright complications delayed the program until May 1948, but since that time a very large number of important American books have become available to the Japanese in their own language. As of December 1950, under the SCAP-CIE translation program, contracts for 441 books had been negotiated; of these, 267 had been published and placed on sale. Typical of the titles were, Abe Lincoln Grows Up, by Carl Sandburg; Of Human Freedom, by Jacques Barzun; Human Leadership in Industry, by Sam A. Lewisohn; The Miracle of America, by Andre Maurois; American Labor Unions, by Florence Peterson; The Babe Ruth Story, by Bob Considine; Blueprint for World Conquest, by William H. Chamberlain; Darkness at Noon, by Arthur Koestler; and Animal Farm, and 1984, by George Orwell. In parallel with this officially sponsored translation program, American and other foreign copyright proprietors licensed to do business in Japan assign book translation rights under private contracts with Japanese publishers. By the end of 1950, 714 such contracts have been negotiated, and 272 books actually published. In addition, 920 other foreign copyright books have been made available for publication in translation without royalty payments, as well as 307 books in the publie domain.

23. Omitting, in the interest of time, other aspects of the information program, it may be said in conclusion that, if a well-informed citizenry is the bulwark of democracy, there is great hope for Japan's future. Never have Japan's citizens been so well informed of domestic and world affairs. And never have they had opened for them so many windows through which they may see the culture, institutions, and accomplishments of the free world to which they are soon to be admitted as a sovereign nation.

STATEMENT OF MAJ. GEN. W. F. MARQUAT, CHIEF, ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC SECTION, SCAP

ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION IN JAPAN

1. The purpose of this discussion is to acquaint you with the economic recovery of Japan under the Allied Powers occupation and to outline current plans for insuring the continuance of the level of selfsupport already achieved.

2. Since August 15, 1945, the Japanese economy has been transformed from a state of complete war devastation in which virtually all production had come to a standstill into a dynamic national force capable of further advancement and enjoying a healthy rising trend. 3. Chart 1 shows the progress made in terms of increasing industrial activity and industrial production. By September 1951 industrial activity was 143 percent of the prewar base period. The rise in overall industrial activity of more than 500 percent in the postwar period was accomplished despite the obstacles of deficiencies of strategic imported industrial raw materials, shortages of indigenous materials, especially fuel, damaged and obsolete productive facilities. A growing realization that American aid would have to be prolonged indefinitely unless an aggressive rehabilitation program was instituted brought an expansion of United States aid to include raw material purchases with which to promote economic recovery. Especially after 1948 industrial production increased at a very gratifying rate, principally because of the greater availability of imported raw materials and the improved supply of indigenous materials, especially coal. The major recipients of the larger raw material allocations were the chemical fertilizer industry, the iron and steel industry, and industrial machinery. All major fields of industry participated in the advances which occurred through 1950 and brought postwar industrial activity to a new high substantially exceeding the 1932-36 average. Recent declines have in large measure been due to electric power deficiencies resulting from abnormally low rainfall.

FIVE KEY INDUSTRIAL INDICES

4. The following chart (chart 2) indicates the varying rates of progress enjoyed in five major segments of Japan's industry. The movement characterized by the coal output series is of basic significance, since fuel for several years constituted the chief factor limiting industrial recovery. In November 1945, production was only some 500,000 tons, less than enough to run the railways alone, and shortages of coal urgently demanded SCAP attention. Assisted by the direct efforts of SCAP, coal output has risen to a monthly figure of more than 312 million tons.

5. Chemical fertilizers, of immediate importance to Japan's postwar short food position, were given every initial stimulus. The increased annual harvests, largely due to more satisfactory chemical fertilizer applications, attest to the wisdom of this measure.

6. Ferrous metal production was at a very low level during 1946-47. Subsequently, recovery in this category brought it up to a level of recovery exceeding that of the coal-mining industry.