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1. Schleswig is to have a separate constitution, and is not to be joined with Holstein.

2. A definitive organization of the Duchy of Schleswig shall be arranged by the contracting parties.

3. This article concerns the Duchies of Holstein and Lunenburg. 4. The question of succession is reserved for future regulation. 5. The guarantee of the great powers of Europe is claimed for the exact execution of the definitive articles of peace.

This armistice or treaty was as unsatisfactory to the people of Schleswig, as it was to the Germans generally, and those who represented the central power of Germany entered a formal protest against it.

ITALY.

The political condition of this country now seems likely to be restored to what it was two years ago. The revolt of the Sicilians has wrought no change in their favour, and the whole island is again subjected to the arbitrary power of the king of Naples.

Since our last Historical Register was prepared for the press, events of great importance have occurred at Rome. That city, after the expulsion of the Pope, was governed by a triumvirate who refused admission to the French forces under Gen. Oudinot, sent, as alleged, to free Rome from the double evil of absolutism and anarchy. Garibaldi, a patriot leader of great courage and address, who commanded a band of Lombard and Roman soldiers, directed the military defences, and resisted to the last; but nothing could withstand the superior discipline and resources of the French army. After much severe fighting, with considerable loss of life, all further resistance seemed useless. At one bastion, carried by assault, the slaughter with the bayonet was very great: nearly an Italian regiment was destroyed. The French troops, en masse, entered the city on the 3d of July, and on the 5th took possession of the Castle of St. Angelo. The triumvirs, Mazzini, Armellini, and Saffi, fled to the coast, and took refuge on board a British vessel of war, which conveyed them to the island of Malta. Garibaldi, with his band of adventurers amounting to several thousands, left the city as the French entered it, and made his way through the papal dominions. He subsequently fell in with an Austrian force, and being worsted in the engagement, his followers were dispersed, and he with his wife and a few friends, after many hair-breadth escapes, reached Dalmatia. When last heard from, he had, by a series of adventures, succeeded in obtaining a temporary refuge in the city of Genoa, until he should find an opportunity to quit Italy.

After his entry into Rome, Gen. Oudinot, on the 15th of July, had the restoration of the papal government proclaimed, and the Pope's banner displayed at the castle of St. Angelo, with the discharge of one hundred cannon. The General himself was met on the steps of the grand entrance to the cathedral by Monsignore Marino Marini, who

delivered a congratulatory and fulsome address, and to whom he replied that France had confided to its soldiers a great and holy mission, which had been accomplished in the re-establishment of the temporal power of the Pope. He then reviewed the troops, which consisted of about 20,000 Frenchmen and 3,000 Romans. The reception of the general-in-chief by the populace was cold and formal, and in some instances the soldiery were insulted. No sooner, therefore, had the French assumed authority within the city, than the difficulty of their position was manifest,-obliged to struggle on the one hand against the powerful influence acting on the mind of the Pope, and on the other against the evil passions generated during the siege and conquest of the city. Oudinot, as we have stated in the history of France, issued a proclamation, in which he declared that all power was provisionally in the hands of the military authorities-that the assembly was dissolved -that the clubs were closed-that persons not belonging to the military, were prohibited wearing arms-that all publications by the press, not authorized by the military council, were for the present prohibited; and Gen. Rostolan was named Governor of Rome.

The keys of the captured gate were sent by the general-in-chief to Pius IX., who presented in return his best thanks and a papal decoration. Instead of returning himself to Rome, and carrying out the liberal policy which he initiated in Italy, he remained at Gaeta under the protection of the king of Naples, and deputed a commission of cardinals to rule the city. The first act of this new government was to institute a tribunal for the prosecution and trial of the authors and abettors of the revolution for the outrages alleged to have been committed against religion, its ministers, and the pontiff. Savelli, the Pope's former minister of the interior, was installed at the head of the police, under the control of the French authorities. He issued a decree declaring the value of paper money, and imposing fines and imprisonment on all refusing it. The system of lotteries too was restored at Rome; and the dividends on the public debt due in June were refused to be made, on the plea that the government was at that time republican.

We have already stated in another place that General Oudinot was recalled, and that Count Rostolan, who succeeded to the command of the forces, was himself displaced to make room for Gen. Randon,* who had been commissioned with full instructions, in accordance with the letter of the President of the Republic to Col. Ney. The present indications at Rome are an opposition of the people to the cardinals, and a reaction in favour of the French. The stand of France on the question of a liberal government for the papal states, seems to have been taken, from which she cannot retrace her steps without a loss of honour. What course the Pope will take, remains yet to be developed. He will, doubtless, in this new state of things, take counsel of the Catholic princes, and be guided by their advice.

* By the latest accounts, it would seem that Gen. Randon, from some cause, does not go to Rome. See Chronicle.

VENICE...

Venice, after its obdurate and gallant resistance to the Austrians, has, at length, been compelled to surrender. The capitulation was agreed to on the 22d of August, and was in accordance with the conditions prescribed by Marshal Radetzky in his proclamation of the 14th, viz.: A full and unconditional surrender of the city, forts, arsenals, arms, &c., a general pardon to soldiers and non-commissioned officers, and a permission to all persons to leave the city.

This once noble emporium of commerce has been doomed to a degradation that was not anticipated. Her privilege, as a free port, is withdrawn, or what is the same thing, it is confined to the little island of San Giorgio Maggiore. Thus the main prop of her greatness is taken away, a fatal blow is struck at her commerce, and the advantages once enjoyed by Venice are to be transferred to her more loyal rival Trieste.

The conduct of the conquerors is represented to have been generally calm, and, as far as political offences are concerned, moderate. The occupation of the city took place without disturbance, the Austrians met with a cold and silent reception from a people who, for seventeen months, had resolutely resisted them, and who only yielded when resistance was hopeless. The president of the subverted republic, Manin, with Gen. Pepe, and other leaders in the revolution, were generously sent to Corfu by the commander of the French squadron, before the Austrians entered the city. Such is the termination of the noble struggle maintained by the Venitians for so many months, and thus the Lombardo-Venitian kingdom is secured to the house of Austria. The valour, and persevering efforts of the Venitians seemed to have deserved a better fate; of their conduct throughout the trying scenes of the contest it may be said that it was stained by none of those crimes which add to the evils of civil war.

THE IONIAN ISLANDS.-Cephalonia, the largest of these islands, has been the scene of a serious disturbance. Partly from political motives and partly from motives of plunder, an outbreak of the people took place, and they drove the police out of Scala. Troops were sent from Corfu to Argostoli, where the chief excesses took place. One of the most respected citizens was burned alive in his own house, with two of his servants, and other outrages were committed. To suppress the revolt, vigorous measures were employed by the Lord High Commissioner Ward, who communicated the details of the affair to his Highness Sp. Focca Stefano, the President of the Senate of the island. Subsequently the commissioner had a narrow escape with his life from the fury of the insurgents. Martial law was proclaimed, and a portion of the English squadron sent from Malta to overpower the insurgents and restore tranquillity.

The Ionian Islands once belonged to Venice, but were organized into a separate state and placed under the protection of Great Britain by the Congress of Vienna. A constitution was drawn up in 1817, and ratified by the British government, under which is appointed a superintendent or governor in the person of the Lord High Commis

sioner.

RUSSIA..

THE sole attention of the Emperor Nicholas, for the last half year, seems to have been turned to the commotions and sanguinary conflicts in Germany; in which he became an active participant, upon the pretext of maintaining the inviolability of his own, as well as of the Austrian dominions. The history, therefore, of Russia for that period is so intimately connected with the operations, political and military, in Germany, that it is mostly embraced in what we have already

written.

Perhaps the power of this colossal empire is more distinctly felt and acknowledged at this time, than it has ever been at any preceding period. Called in by Austria to assist in reducing the insurgents of Hungary to subjection, the Emperor of Russia at once brought to bear against the valiant and refractory Magyars an overwhelming force. As we have seen, resistance was unavailing, and the combatants for constitutional rights succumbed to the allied powers.

The motives which induced the northern autocrat to take part in the Hungarian war, are avowed in a circular addressed by Count Nesselrode, his Minister for Foreign Affairs, to his envoys at foreign courts. The words of the circular are: "The dangers which threatened the security of our frontier have been removed. Hungary has returned to the rule of her legitimate sovereign. The integrity of the Austrian territory, as guarantied by the treaty of Vienna, is secured.. Such are the results that the co-operation of the Emperor has afforded to his imperial, royal and apostolic majesty. It is also the only remuneration he ever had in view, when he associated his banner with that of his august ally. Our co-operation, granted in good faith, has been accepted with confidence. These sentiments have formed the basis of the relations between the two sovereigns. They will be equally present in the alliance of their empires. The task of the emperor is performed. His troops have received an order to evacuate the Hungarian territory."

Such is the avowal, by this conqueror of Hungary, of the inducements which prompted him to aid the house of Hapsburg. In accordance also with the spirit of the declaration he has made, that "he will suppress revolution wherever it may show itself," he has concentrated immense armies, gathered from the extreme limits of his empire, and has established on the frontiers of Poland a more vigorous police than

ever, so that a stranger is scarcely allowed to enter the country. The boldness and energy of his movements correspond with the extent of his means.

It is a little remarkable that neither Turkey, nor France, nor England, offered any efficient remonstrance, or hinderance against these demonstrations on the part of Russia, especially in the case of Hungary, before it was prostrated by the combined power of Russia and Austria. Now that its heroic defenders are driven from their country, there has been an effort made to save some of them from the vindictive pursuit of the conquerors. Kossuth, Dembinski, Perczel, and others who fled into Turkey, have been demanded of the Sultan, who declined to deliver them up, and they are said to have been furnished with passports by the British Ambassador. The Sultan has, in this particular, shown a becoming spirit, and it may be that the powerful interposition of the British government will save Turkey from the vengeance of the two Emperors.

Judging from the reception that was given by Nicholas to the French Ambassador, General Lamoriciere, it would seem that he desires to conciliate France; and it has been supposed, until the recent independent ground taken by the French President in relation to the Pope, that the French cabinet was inclined to become the ally of Russia, and a party to the suppression of the spirit of revolution and of free governments in Europe.

That we are on the eve of some important events, for good or ill, is certain. Two millions of men are under arms in Europe, and amidst the hostile array of principles and doctrines there is reason to apprehend some new and serious agitation. It is only by the interposition of an overruling Providence that the threatening storm can be repressed, and a wise and pacific course adopted by the great powers, that will lead to the establishment of peace and good government.

(We refer to the Quarterly Chronicle of events, which we place immediately after the History, for many interesting and valuable historical items, that could not be incorporated in the preceding pages.)

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