ment and maintenance of the institute has been obtained by private subscriptions, amounting to $2,060,000, out of this a permanent endowment fund of $700,000 has been reserved. While the Imperial Institute will have no direct part in educational work, it is contemplated to make it a centre of influence and direction for the organization of technical instruction in the mother country and the colonies. It is to be made a medium of communication between technical and scientific schools, and for the distribution of information respecting similar schools abroad and the progress of industries. As a museum it will be a perpetual object lesson for teachers. A school of Modern Oriental Studies has been established as a branch of the institute.

Secondary Education in Scotland. The fact that England seems to be on the eve of some measure for the organization of secondary education gives peculiar interest to the progress which Scotland has made in this direction. To the system of government inspection and leaving certificates of which all secondary schools may avail themselves, there is now added a public appropriation for their benefit. The special committee appointed to inquire as to the best means of distributing the fund has just issued a report replete with practical suggestions. Among the views advanced by the committee which have a general interest are: (1.) The desirability of encouraging the preparatory departments of the secondary schools, with a view to enabling children who are likely to complete the secondary course to enter upon special preparation for it at about eleven years of age. (2.) The importance of constituting a special administrative body for the management of the fund. This body is to be in each county, a county committee and to represent in its membership the county councils, the school boards and the education department. Its functions will be chiefly those of investigation and report. The great object of the measure is to equalize the opportunity for secondary education throughout the country. The grant proposed for each school fulfilling the required conditions ranges from $600 to $1000 annually.

NEW ZEALAND.

The policy of granting public money to denominational schools having been abandoned in New Zealand, the cry has been raised that juvenile depravity has increased as a consequence. To meet this representation the following official statistics have been published. "In 1878 the percentage of serious crimes was highest, i. e., 66 per 1000. Since then there has been a gradual and almost uninterrupted fall, until in 1890 it stood at 31 per 1000. Of young criminals under twenty, there were 381 in 1882, 445 in 1886, and only 297 in 1890; meanwhile the

juvenile population has increased considerably. Of committals to industrial schools (which correspond to our reform schools) there were on an average 298 in the years between 1880 and 1885; the number for 1890 was 158.

GERMANY.

The Journal of Education, (London), publishes the following tables showing the average annual cost for one student at each of the nine chief universities and the amount contributed by the state toward this cost. The balance comes out of the university coffers.

Education in French Colonies. The spirit with which France has entered upon the work of colonization in Africa is not the least interesting feature of her history as a republic. Travellers have already remarked the infusion of French ideals into the lives of native Algerians. Of this population (4,124,732 by the census of 1891) there were 10,073, in 1889, under instruction in schools which form an integral part of the French system, and are included in the general report of the minister of public instruction. In Tunis also the work of education has made rapid progress during the ten years of the French protectorate. In 1883, when the government assumed the direction of the work, there were in the province twenty-four schools of all kinds giving instruction in French; at the present time they number eightyseven with an enrollment of 10.991 pupils. Of the entire number of institutions, twenty-three are for girls, fifty-six for boys, and eight for both. By sex the pupils are divided as follows: boys 7,246; girls, 3.745. Of nationalities there are: Israelites, 3,733; French, 1,494; Italians, 1,730; Maltese, 1,394; Musulmans, 2,471: not stated, 169. These establishments employ 235 professors and teachers of whom twenty-two have university degrees, and 182 teachers' diplomas. Besides these schools there are 1,000 schools of the Koran attended by 20,000 children, or one in seventy-five of the Musulman population.

With wonderful liberality the government has allowed these schools to have the benefits of its supervision, and French masters familiar with the Arabian language are gradually replacing the native teachers. The sense of security in their own schools has had a wonderful effect upon the natives. The higher schools of the Koran have also been respected by the French who have systematized and maintained them. In the grand mosque of Tunis, under the direction of Sheik h-ul-Islâm, the most important religious functionary of the province, 630 students, future priests, the intellectual aristocracy of the country, are pursuing their studies.

A. T. S.

APHORISMS.

From the German of Heinrich Byron.

TRANSLATED FOR EDUCATION BY HERBERT E. JENNESS.

(By permission of the German Author.)

OW bravely, how death-defiantly mankind enters the conflict of life! Generation after generation is swept away by destroying death, but new hosts ever rush eagerly, exultantly forward to fill the fast-thinning ranks. With music and song, and high-floating banners, they advance to certain death. Many rallying-cries they have, but the same unfaltering courage inspires them all.

Nature has implanted within us the principal conditions of a healthy and happy life, and we have only to acquire the exterior auxiliary conditions. As regards our health, we generally impose too much on nature, and do not pay sufficient attention to the exterior conditions, whereas with respect to happiness, we are prone to neglect the natural conditions, and cultivate only the artificial.

If we could weigh exactly our own happiness with that of others we should be surprised to find how little inequality there is in the partition of the favors of fortune among mankind.

True politeness weaves flowers of poetry into the prosaic wreath of ordinary life; imparts a certain consecration to daily occupations and intercourse; enables us to break the fetters of selfishness that would confine us in the small circle of the beloved I, and permits us to enter the current of others' thoughts and emotions. It dispenses the sweetest rewards for favors by means of beneficent, inspiring appreciation, and prompts us to make a verity of what it whispers to us as stimulating compliments.

When we can be society for ourselves we depend less on that of others, and are, in consequence, freer.

Even the most prosaic man, whom love serves but as a subject for ridicule, must be wretched if no spark of the divine flame warms his heart. He would perceive this himself were he to let his own nature assert itself.

As the foaming sea-billows break against a rocky coast, so surge anger, impatience and discontent vainly against the limits established. by nature, circumstances and destiny.

Whether or not our ideal of love be realized, if we have the adored image before our eyes, or carry it only in our hearts, — either brings us the highest happiness. Disappointment and sorrow begin only when we exchange our lofty ideal for a lower, - when we break our heart's divinity to hold a gross idol in our arms.

The lover of nature,- he who ever finds the divine in her needs not the society of men, for he finds within himself the same nature, the same revelation of godliness.

Not one of all mankind can comprehend death, and only at the last day of life, when he is led by God, in awful silence, from this world, can mortal man expect to have unveiled before his clarified vision the wondrous mysteries of immortality.

AMONG THE BOOKS.

To accommodate readers who may wish it, the Publishers of EDUCATION will send, post-paid, on receipt of price, any book reviewed in these columns.

ILLUSTRATED LESSONS FOR THE KINDERGARTEN AND PRIMARY SCHOOL, with Paper Folding, is the title of a paper-covered book of seventy-six pages, issued by the New England Publishing Co., Boston. It consists of ten articles which have appeared in the American Teacher, and which have merit enough in them to warrant their being put into convenient form. Kindergartners and primary teachers will find many suggestions in the pages. Price, 25 cents.

Miss Clarabel Gilman is a charming writer on topics relating to animal life, and her contributions to educational journals have been widely read. In COMMON ANIMAL FORMS, twenty-six different animals are treated of, and in a manner which makes the book a satisfactory text-book or a fascinating reading book. Nearly two hundred illustrations supplement the written description. Published by the New England Publishing Co., Boston. Price, 50 cents.

A Geometry that embodies the best of all accepted methods, is in harmony with the present plan of teaching, and made by one actually engaged in teaching cannot fail to be acceptable to any instructor in this branch of mathematics and welcome to every student. Mr. W. F. Bradbury, Head Master of the Cambridge (Mass.) Latin School, is the author of a series of text-books in mathematics which have had extensive use and great popularity. In his ACADEMIC GEOMETRY, which is designed for High schools and Academies, he has made an ideal text-book. It is most carefully arranged, logically developed, accurately executed. The suggestions to teachers are a most valuable addition to the book. Boston: Thompson, Brown & Co.

Prof. S. G. Ashmore, of Union College, has revised the English edition of CÆSAR'S HELVETIAN WAR, with references to American grammars, enlarged notes, etc. It is now a satisfactory book for beginners in Latin. Macmillan & Co.

Mr. William Mackintire Salter has been thinking along lines which begin in the consciousness of every sentient being, and the fruit of his thoughts is to be found in his little work called FIRST STEPS IN PHILOSOPHY. Mr. Salter has as yet no philosophy proper to advocate, but he is a careful thinker and an honest investigator. Chicago: C. H. Kerr & Co.

On his induction to the chair of philosophy in Adelbert College, Dr. Mattoon M. Curtis delivered an address on PHILOSOPHY AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE, which is now published in a pamphlet of fifty-three pages. Dr. Curtis believes that philosophy is a necessary expression of the fundamental needs of human nature, and its cultivation one of the most imperative demands of the present day, especially as regards the physical sciences.

Mr. C. W. Bardeen (Syracuse) publishes Charles R. Wells's MANUAL OF THE NATURAL MOVEMENT METHOD IN WRITING, being an original Self-Instructing System of Penmanship. The author gives explicit directions for teaching by his method and illustrates with cuts, every position. Penmanship taught by this method must arrive at satisfactory results. Price, 25 cents.

To Heath's Modern Language Series has been added a valuable volume, A GERMAN SCIENCE READER, edited by J. H. Gore, professor of German and Mathematics in the Columbian University. It consists of selections, sixty-five in all, from actual publications, most of them from text-books on science, and serves to show the richness of the scientific literature of Germany. The book is admirably suited as a supplementary reader or a preparatory reader for technical literature. Notes and a vocabulary are given. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.

In TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES (American Book Company), Prof. A. C. Apgar has given full and explicit directions for the study, description and determination of the trees of our forests, orchards, etc., designed to be used in schools or by private students. Part first is devoted to a treatment of the essential organs of trees and contains directions for the preparation of a collection, etc. In part second are a plan and models for tree descriptions, with a key, classification and description of the species. While the treatise is scientifically accurate, it is a popular one and may be used by those entirely ignorant of the science of botany. Price, $1.00.