manner neceffitate me to it. I fhall make use of this liberty with all possible caution. As I make ufe of the word Delight to exprefs the fenfation which accompanies the removal of pain or danger; fo when I fpeak of pofitive plea fure, I fhall for the most part call it fimply Pleafure.

SECT. V.

JOY and GRIEF.

T must be observed, that the ceffation

IT

of pleasure affects the mind three ways. If it fimply ceafes, after having continued a proper time, the effect is indifference; if it be abruptly broken off, there enfues an uneafy fense called disappointment; if the object be fo totally loft that there is no chance of enjoying it again, a paffion arifes in the mind, which is called grief. Now there is none of thefe, not even grief, which is the most violent,

violent, that I think has resemblance any

to pofitive pain. The perfon who grieves, fuffers his paffion to grow upon him; he indulges it, he loves it: but this never happens in the case of actual pain, which no man ever willingly endured for any confiderable time. That grief should be willingly endured, though far from a fimply pleasing fenfation, is not fo difficult to be understood. It is the nature of grief to keep its object perpetually in its eye, to present it in its most pleasurable views, to repeat all the circum-. ftances that attend it, even to the last minuteness; to go back to every particular enjoyment, to dwell upon each, and to find a thousand new perfections in all, that were not fufficiently understood before; in grief, the pleasure is still uppermoft; and the affliction we fuffer has no resemblance to abfolute pain, which is always odious, and which we endeavour to shake off as foon as poffible. The Odyffey of Homer, which abounds with

so many natural and affecting images, has none more striking than those which Menelaus raises of the calamitous fate of his friends, and his own manner of feeling it. He owns indeed, that he often gives himself some intermiffion from fuch melancholy reflections, but he observes too, that melancholy as they are, they give him pleasure.

*

Αλλ εμπης πανίας οδυρόμενος και αχευων, Πολλακις εν μεγαροισι καθημενες ημετέροισιν Αλλοτε μεν τε γοω φρήνα τερπομαι, αλλος δ' αυτε Πανομαι αιψερος δε κορος κρυεροι 2010.

Still in fhort intervals of pleafing woe,

Regardful of the friendly dues 1

owes

I to the glorious dead, for ever dear,

Indulge the tribute of a grateful tear.

HOM. Od. 4.

On the other hand, when we recover our health, when we escape an imminent danger, is it with joy that we are affect

ed?

ed? The sense on these occafions is far from that smooth and voluptuous fatisfaction which the affured profpect of pleafure beftows. The delight which arises from the modifications of pain, confesses the stock from whence it fprung, in its folid, ftrong, and fevere nature.

SECT. VI,

Of the paffions which belong to SELFPRESERVATION.

MOST

OST of the ideas which are capable of making a powerful impreffion on the mind, whether fimply of Pain or Pleasure, or of the modifications of those, may be reduced very nearly to these two heads, Self-preservaand fociety; to the ends of one or the other of which all our paffions are calculated to answer. The paffions which concern felf-prefervation, turn mostly on

pain or danger. The ideas of pain, fickness, and death, fill the mind with strong emotions of horror; but life and health, though they put us in a capacity of being affected with pleasure, they make no fuch impreffion by the simple enjoyment. The paffions therefore which are converfant about the preservation of the individual, turn chiefly on pain and danger, and they are the most powerful of all the paffions.

W

SECT. VIL

Of the SUBLIME.

any fort to ex

Hatever is fitted in. cite the ideas of pain, and danger, that is to fay, whatever is in any fort terrible, or is converfant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror, is a fource of the fublime; that is, it is productive of the strongest