vation was confined it is impossible not to feel, that, acute and subtle as they are, many of these maxims must have been only the expression of principles which were floating, without being fixed in words, in the minds of many of his fellow-courtiers. (Remark b.)

The gods of the Greeks those graceful forms which Homer drew in verse, and Phidias realized in marble were scarcely more irrational than the objects to which, in the name of Christianity, many have paid their homage. (Remark a.)

When a people shall learn that its greatest benefactors and most important members are men devoted to the liberal instruction of all its classes to the work of raising to life its buried intellect it will have opened to itself the path of true glory. (Remark c.)

The contest between Christianity and. the heathenish philosophy between the old polytheism and the new belief, a poetical mythology and a religion of morality is the most remarkable intellectual contest which has ever been exhibited and determined among the human race. (Remark a.)

Christianity which, as a reform lastingly affecting all the social relations of men, yet remains to be philosophically estimated (our limits forbid our entering upon that tempting field of inquiry) had sown the seeds whose fruit might supplement the pre-existing system. (Remark g.)

With regard to the powers of speech those powers which the very second year of our existence generally calls into action, the exercise of which goes on at our sports, our studies, our walks, our very meals, and which is never long suspended, except at the hour of refreshing sleep how few surpass their fellow-creatures of common information and moderate attainments! (Remark b.)

If we were to imagine present together, not a single small group only of those whom their virtues or talents had rendered eminent in a single nation, but all the sages and patriots of every country and period, without one of the frail and guilty contemporaries that mingled with them when they lived on earth; if we were to imagine them collected together, not on an earth of occasional sunshine and alternate tempests like that which we inhabit, but in some still fairer world, in which the only variety of the seasons consisted in a change of beauties and delights a world in which the faculties and virtues that were originally so admirable continued still their glorious and immortal progress does it seem possible that the contemplation of such a scene, so nobly inhabited, should not be delightful to him who might be transported into it? (Remark b.)

RULE V.

Ellipsis of the Adverb “Namely," &c.

The dash is commonly used where there is an ellipsis of such words as namely, that is, and others having a similar import.

EXAMPLES.

1. The four greatest names in English poetry are almost the first we come Chaucer, Spenser, Shakspeare, and Milton.

to,

2. Nicholas Copernicus was instructed in that seminary where it is always happy when any one can be well taught, the family circle. 3. Gray and Collins aimed at the dazzling imagery and magnificence of lyrical poetry, -the direct antipodes of Pope.

REMARK S.

a. This rule may be properly regarded as a branch of that on page 175, in reference to significant pauses; but it is here separately introduced, in consequence of its utility, and the frequency of its application to the purpose mentioned.

b. In the first two examples, the adverb namely, and, in the third example, the words which are, might be expressed where the dash is inserted; this mark being, in such cases, unnecessary. But it will readily be seen, that, as exhibited in the briefer mode and with the rhetorical mark, the sentences are more effective than they would be if the words understood were supplied.

c. A comma is required before the dash, in accordance with the second branch of the rule, page 41, on words and phrases in apposition. The dash is annexed merely to lengthen the pause made in delivery.

d. Should the dash be necessarily used often in the same page for other purposes, it may not be improper to omit it, and to substitute a colon or a semicolon for the comma and dash, before such a specification of particulars as occurs in the first example under the rule.

e. When words after which namely is understood are followed by a quotation or a remark making sense in itself, the comma and dash are better omitted, and a colon substituted in their place; unless the quotation or remark commences a new paragraph, when a comma or colon and a dash are used, according to the degree of connection subsisting between the parts of the passage.· See page 138.

ORAL EXERCISE.

Why are dashes inserted in the following sentences? —

From an illusion of the imagination arises one of the most important principles in human nature, the dread of death.

-

We should be enterprising in the exercise of our own minds, and in exploring the great sources of truth, — nature, man, revelation. I am come to regard the world as an arena in which I have to do two things, improve others, and improve myself.

Kings and their subjects, masters and slaves, find a common level in two places, at the foot of the cross, and in the grave.

The essence of all poetry may be said to consist in three things,invention, expression, inspiration.

Angry thoughts canker the mind, and dispose it to the worst temper in the world, · that of fixed malice and revenge.

There are two kinds of evils, those which cannot be cured, and those which can.

I see in this world two heaps, - one of happiness, and the other of misery.

tue,

Amongst us men, these three things are a large part of our virto endure, to forgive, and ourselves to get pardon.

The orations of Cæsar were admired for two qualities which are seldom found together, strength and elegance.

Among uncivilized nations, only one profession is honorable,— that of arms.

In 1813, Moore entered upon his noble poetical and patriotic task, writing lyrics for the ancient music of his native country. Milton's life was a true poem; or it might be compared to an anthem on his own favorite organ, - high-toned, solemn, and majestic. Nearly all the evils that afflict the sons of men flow from one source, wealth, or the appropriation of things to individuals and to societies.

It is remarked by Rousseau, that every people in the ancient world that can be said to have had morals has respected the sex,Sparta, Germany, Rome.

The best shelter that the world affords us is the first, the affections into which we are born, and which are too natural for us to know their worth till they are disturbed.

In my analysis of the nature of love, I have stated its two great elements,

- a vivid pleasure in the contemplation of the object of

regard, and a desire of the happiness of that object.

EXERCISE TO BE WRITTEN.

Insert a comma and a dash where the ellipsis of the adverb "namely," or a similar expression, occurs in the following sentences:

The more sympathies we gain or awaken for what is beautiful, by so much deeper will be our sympathy for that which is most beautiful the human soul.

Many a brilliant reputation resembles a pageant showy and unsubstantial, attracting the acclamations of the crowd, and forgotten as soon as it has passed.

Faith builds, in the dungeon and the lazar-house, its sublimest shrines; and up, through roofs of stone, that shut up the eye of Heaven, ascends the ladder where the angels glide to and fro Prayer.

The violator of the sacred laws of justice feels, that the unhappy effects of his own conduct have rendered him the proper object of the resentment and indignation of mankind, and of what is the natural consequence vengeance and punishment.

If men would confine their talk to those subjects only which they understood, that which St. John informs us took place once in heaven would happen very frequently on earth "silence for the space of half an hour."

It is very difficult for those who, in early youth, have struggled with extreme penury, and who have been suddenly raised to affluence, not to have at their heart what may seem like original constitutional avarice to those who do not reflect on its cause a love of money, when the love of money seems so little necessary to them.

The tools of labor are a sceptre of higher empire than monarch ever swayed that of dominion over the earth and elements; they are the weapons wherewith man achieves the purest and most benignant of all conquests the subjugation of the powers of material nature to the service of humanity; and they are instruments also of the best of all worship that which a fertilized earth sends up towards a gracious Heaven.

Friend of my bosom, thou more than a brother,
Why wert thou not born in my father's dwelling?

So might we talk of the old familiar faces

How some they have died, and some they have left me,
And some are taken from me. All are departed;

All, all, are gone, the old familiar faces.

RULE VI.

Subheads, &c., to Paragraphs.

The dash should be inserted between a title and the subject-matter, and also between the subject-matter and the authority from which it is taken, when they occur in the same paragraph.

EXAMPLE.

FIDELITY TO GOD. Whatever station or rank Thou shalt assign me, I will die ten thousand deaths sooner than abandon it.

REMARK S.

Socrates.

a. The dash is sometimes inserted between a question and an answer, when they come together in the same paragraph; as, Who created you?

God."

b. So, also, the dash is useful to connect separate paragraphs, dialogues, &c., when it is deemed necessary to save room. Thus:

"How are you, Trepid? How do you feel to-day, Mr. Trepid? ” — “ A great deal worse than I was, thank you; almost dead, I am obliged to you." -"Why, Trepid, what is the matter with you?"—"Nothing, I tell you, in particular; but a great deal is the matter with me in general."

c. Some writers put a dash after the name of an interlocutor, when it precedes in the same line the language which he utters. But, as the name is usually distinguished from the sentiment by its being put in Italics or in small capitals, the dash is unnecessary; as,

Archbishop. What is your business with me, my friend?

Gil Blas. I am the young man who was recommended to you by your nephew, Don Fernando.

d. A dash is commonly inserted between the word chapter or section with its accompanying numeral, and the title of a subject, when they are placed in the same line. Thus:

SECT. LV.THE POWER OF IMAGINATION.

e. On the other hand, a dash is put after an expression connected in sense and construction with what follows, if the latter begins a new line; as, " Occasionally, perhaps, he was—

'Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;

But to those men that sought him, sweet as summer.'"