e. The word church, when used by itself or in a general sense, should begin with a small letter; but, when connected with an adjective indicating a particular body of Christians, it should commence with a capital; as, the Protestant Church. f. So, also, the term catholic, whether as a noun or an adjective, should be written and printed with a small c, when it is used of all Christians, or of men of liberal and tolerant principles; but with a capital when significant merely of the Romish community. g. For the sake of uniformity, the names Gentile, Heathen, and Pagan, so often occurring in connection with Jew, should, when used as nouns, begin with capitals; but, when employed adjectively, with small letters. The words orthodoxy, orthodox; heterodoxy, heterodox; heresy, heretic, heretical; mysticism, mystic, mystical; atheism, atheist, atheistic; pantheism, pantheist, pantheistic; deism, deist, deistical; rationalism, rationalist, rationalistic; supernaturalism, supernaturalist; transcendentalism, transcendentalist, transcendental; spiritualism, spiritualist, are usually put with small characters. The term Orthodox, however, when used of any particular section of the orthodox body of Christians, should begin with a capital letter; as, the Orthodox Congregationalists. See p. 263, Remark a. h. Designations of political parties should commence each with a capital letter; as, Whig, Tory, Federalist, Democrat, Republican, Conservative, Radical, Free Soiler. -- i. In advertisements, handbills, and cards, the principal words such as the names of the arts and sciences, and nouns occurring in a list of articles are properly begun with capitals. RULE VIII. The Pronoun I, and the Interjection O. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, should invariably be written or printed in capitals; as, With three steps I compass thy grave, O thou who wast so great before! REMARKS. a. The interjection oh should never, as is sometimes done, be put with an initial capital, except at the beginning of a sentence, or of a line in verse. b. For the modes of using the two words O and oh, see page 160, Remark c. RULE IX. Commencement of Lines in Verse. The first word of every line in poetry is begun with a capital letter; as, No eye beheld when William plunged Young Edmund in the stream; No human ear, but William's, heard REMARKS. a. The initial letter in the first word of a poetical quotation, though not beginning a line, should be capitalized; as, "One of the most illustrious names in the literary annals of Europe is that of Spenser, 'That gentle bard, Chosen by the Muses for their page of state." " b. In humorous verse, when a portion of a word is put at the end of one line, and the other portion at the beginning of the next, the latter should be put with a small initial; as, Paganini, Paganini! Never was there such a geni us before as Paganini. RULE X. Prosopopæia, or Personification. Nouns that represent inanimate beings as persons should begin with capitals; as, Better to sit in Freedom's hall, With a cold, damp floor, and a mouldering wall, Than to bend the neck or to bow the knee In the proudest palace of Slavery. REMARKS. a. According to this rule, all such words as the Muses, the Graces, the Furies, the Fates, should be distinguished by capitals. When "the graces" is used of certain moral affections, a common g is properly used. b. So, also, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter; the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, and the Stars, should each begin with a capital when they are personified, but with a small letter when they are used in ordinary composition. In works on astronomy, it is better to capitalize them. c. The rule should be applied with some discrimination. It is only when the figure prosopopaia is uncommonly vivid that the noun should have its initial with a capital letter; there being a tendency, even in the most inanimate compositions, to impart a certain degree of life and energy to the representatives of our thoughts. But, though in numberless instances it would be improper to capitalize such words, the more glowing personifications of the poet and the orator ought unquestionably to be so distinguished. RULE XI. Quotations, Examples, &c. The first word of every quotation, example, precept, or question, introduced in a direct form, must begin with a capital letter; as, 1. Bushnell well remarks, "Hitherto, the love of passion has been the central fire of the world's literature." 2. These two questions, "What are we?" and "Whither do we tend?" will at times press painfully upon thoughtful minds. REMARKS. a. When a quotation is introduced by the conjunction that, or is brought in obliquely or indirectly, a small letter is preferable; as, "It is well said by a celebrated writer, that, 'precious as thought-is, the love of truth is still more precious.' "Happy those who, 'dying, leave no line they wish to blot'! "This great patriot bequeathed to his heirs the sword which he had worn in the war for liberty, and charged them 'never to take it from the scabbard but in self-defence, or in defence of their country and her freedom.'" b. Examples, consisting of mere words or phrases, may have small letters for their initials, when they do not commence new lines, or are not formally introduced with the words "as follows," or with a similar expression. Numerous illustrations of this remark may be seen in pages 211-20. RULE XII. Capitals used instead of Figures. Numbers are sometimes written or printed wholly in capitals, as representative characters. Thus, — I. is used instead of one, or first; IV. for four, or fourth; XI. for eleven, or eleventh; XX. for twenty, or twentieth; XL. for forty, or fortieth; &c. 66 REMARK S. a. Some writers refer to passages in books by putting the numbers of the volume, part, chapter, &c., in capital letters, and also by capitalizing the first letter in the name of the division specified; as, Campbell on the Four Gospels, Vol. I. Diss. V. Part IV. Sect. II. Page 218." But, when such references are numerous, small letters are preferable, because they have a neater appearance; as, "Campbell on the Four Gospels, vol. i. diss. v. part iv. sect. ii. page [or p.] 218." b. For the punctuation, see pp. 150-1, Rule V. and Remarks. RULE XIII. Titlepages, Inscriptions, &c. Titlepages of books, and heads of chapters, sections, articles, &c., are, with some few exceptions, put entirely on capitals. Unless very long, dedications of printed works, and inscriptions on monuments, are commonly distinguished in the same manner. REMARK S. a. The first word in a book or chapter is usually put in small capitals, with the exception of the initial letter, which should have a common-size capital. b. Capitals or small capitals are also used, either singly or otherwise, as abbreviations of titles and other words, and as representative signs, particularly in works of art and science, such as chemistry, mechanics, arithmetic, grammar, music, &c. Many of these will be exhibited in the article beginning on page 272. In concluding these rules and remarks on the use of capitals, we would suggest that authors either note accurately and consistently the words which they mean to be so distinguished, or allow the printer to exercise his own taste and judgment. By this means, not only would a great loss of time be saved to the workman, but the work itself would have a neater and more uniform appearance. In manuscript, words or sentences meant to be printed in CAPITALS are distinguished by having three lines drawn under them; in SMALL CAPITALS, by two lines; and in Italics, by one. II. ITALIC CHARACTERS. Characters called Italics, and printed in this form, are used chiefly to point out emphatical expressions, or to distinguish foreign words and phrases. In the common version of the Scriptures, however, words are so printed to show that they have nothing corresponding to them in the original Hebrew or Greek, but were inserted by the translators to complete or explain the sense. It is quite impracticable to lay down definite and unvarying rules in respect to all the circumstances under which it is proper to use Italic letters. Their employment was at one time exceedingly common; all proper names, and almost all words of more than ordinary significance, having been written or printed in this |