1100 DVOŘÁK-DWIGHT He was one of the chief contributors to the revi- | in Northampton, Massachusetts, Feb. 10, 1780. val of Flemish literature, and published two volumes of poetry, Vaderlandsche Poezy (1840) and Het Klaverblad (1848). He died in Ghent, Nov. 13, 1859. DVOŘÁK, ANTONIN, a Bohemian musical composer; born Sept. 8, 1841, at Mühlhausen-on-theMoldau; the son of a butcher and innkeeper. He learned music first from the gipsies, but at 16 entered the Prague Conservatoire. Apply ing for help to the Minister of Public Instruction, his case was referred to Brahms, who befriended him. It was his Stabat Mater, produced under the composer's own direction in London in 1883 which stamped him as a really great composer. His Spectre Bride, composed for the Birmingham Festival of 1885, met with a very enthusiastic reception. The honorary degree of doctor of music was conferred upon him by Cambridge University in 1891, and at the Birmingham Festival in the same year his Requiem was produced. A new and highly dramatic four-act opera, Dimitrj, from his pen, was produced at Vienna in 1892, and proved a great success. In August of that year he went to the United States to undertake the direction of the National Conservatory of Music, and on October 12th a new cantata by him, entitled Columbus, was produced at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. ANTONIN DVOŘÁK. DWARFED-TREE CULTURE, the process of causing trees to grow stunted or dwarfed. Dwarfed trees are characteristic ornaments in Chinese and Japanese houses and gardens. Their production depends upon the prevention of an abundant flow of sap. The trees are planted in small flower-pots, and are very sparingly supplied with water; their strongest shoots are pinched off, and their branches bent and twisted in various ways. These trees often abound in flowers and fruit. See HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 241. DWIGHT, a village of Livingston County, northeastern Illinois, 72 miles S. W. of Chicago, on the Chicago and Alton railroad. It has several banks, churches, warehouses and newspaper-offices. Within the past few years Dwight has won distinction, as well as a large share of material prosperity, by the establishment of the Keeley Institute for the treatment and cure of inebriates. On this sanatorium and its adjuncts Dr. Keeley expended about $1,000,000. Local enterprise has been stimulated to its highest efforts. The railroad hamlet has accordingly grown into a pretty town, its people are busy and progressive, and in 1890 the population had reached 1,354. See KEELEY, LESLIE E., in these Supplements. DWIGHT, BENJAMIN WOOLSEY, an American physician, son of Timothy Dwight of Yale; born He was in early life a physician, and wrote a valuable treatise on Chronic Debility of the Stomach. He became a farmer near Clinton, and was for many years treasurer of Hamilton College. died in Clinton, New York, May 18, 1850. He DWIGHT, EDMUND, an American philanthropist; born in Springfield, Massachusetts, Nov. 28, 1780. He became a noted merchant, amassed a large fortune, and was the founder of Holyoke, Chicopee and Chicopee Falls. He took an active interest in educational enterprises, and gave large sums of money toward the establishment of the normal school system of Massachusetts. He died in Boston, April 1, 1849.-His son, EDMUND, born in Boston, Sept. 3, 1824, became noted for his interest in the raising and distributing of a fund for the relief of sufferers by the Franco-Prussian war. DWIGHT, HARRISON GRAY OTIS, an American missionary and explorer, and one of the founders of the Armenian mission; born in Conway, Massachusetts, Nov. 22, 1803. He was graduated from Hamilton College in 1825, and Andover Theological Seminary in 1828. He went to Malta in 1830, and began a series of explorations in Asia Minor and Persia. In 1831 he founded the Armenian mission in Constantinople. He wrote Travels in Armenia (1833) and Catalogue of Armenian Literature (1850). He died in Vermont, Jan. 25, 1862. DWIGHT, JOHN SULLIVAN, an American musical writer; born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 13, 1813. After his graduation from Harvard in 1832, he was for some time pastor of a Unitarian Church. He was one of the founders of Brook Farm, and devoted himself for several years to working in its interest. In 1848 he left the colony and returned to Boston, where he engaged in literary work, especially in musical criticism. From 1858 until 1881 he was editor of Dwight's Journal of Music. He published several poems, and translations of Goethe and Schiller. His best-known poem is God Save the State. He died in Boston, Sept. 5, 1893. DWIGHT, NATHANIEL, an American physician, brother of President Timothy Dwight; born in Northampton, Massachusetts, Jan. 31, 1770; died in Oswego, New York, June 11, 1831. He studied medicine in Hartford, Connecticut; became assistant surgeon in the United States army; afterward practiced in towns of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Dr. Dwight was one of the earliest advocates of the present system of retreats for the insane, prepared the first school geography published in this country, and was author of The Great Question Answered, and a Compendious History of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. He died in Oswego, New York, June 11, 1831. DWIGHT, SERENO EDWARDS, an American educator; born at Greenfield Hill, Connecticut, May 18, 1786. He was graduated at Yale in 1803, studied law, and practiced successfully in New Haven. Entering the ministry of the Congregational Church in 1816, he was chaplain of the United States Senate in 1816-17, and then DWIGHT-DYER was ordained pastor of the Park Street Church, | He then Boston, where he remained till 1826. returned to New Haven, engaged in literary work, and, in connection with his brother Henry, conducted a boarding-school for boys. In 1833 he was chosen president of Hamilton College, resigning the position in 1835. He afterward returned to literary work, and published Life and Works of Jonathan Edwards (1830); A Life of David Brainerd (1822), and other works. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Nov. 30, 1850. DWIGHT, THEODORE, an American journalist, brother of President Timothy Dwight; born in Northampton, Massachusetts, Dec. 15, 1764. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and as a Federalist engaged in many of the political controversies. After serving in the state senate he He edited the was elected to Congress in 1806. Hartford Mirror during the War of 1812, and was secretary of the Hartford convention in 1814. In 1815 he became editor of the Albany Daily Advertiser, and in 1817 he removed to New York, where he founded the Daily Advertiser, which he edited until 1836. Mr. Dwight published A History of the Hartford Convention (1833) and the Character of Thomas Jefferson as Exhibited in His Own Writings (1839). He died in New York City, July 12, 1846. DWIGHT, THEODORE WILLIAM, an American lawyer; a grandson of Timothy Dwight of Yale, was born in Catskill, New York, July 18, 1822. He was graduated in 1840 from Hamilton Colfor lege; THEODORE W. DWIGHT. was some years professor of political economy and law at Hamilton College, and was afterward professor of municipal law in Columbia College, and warden of the law school of that institution. He lectured on law at Cornell He was active in University and Amherst. many reform movements, and was a member of the New York Committee of Seventy of 1874. He wrote extensively on law, and was for a number of years associate editor of the American Law Register. He published Trial by Impeachment (1867) and The Influence of James Harrington on American Political Institutions (1887). He died in Clinton, New York, June 29, 1892. DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, an eminent American educator, grandson of President Timothy Dwight of Yale, was born in Norwich, Connecticut, Nov. 16, 1828. He was graduated at Yale in 1849, did graduate work at Yale College and studied the TIMOTHY DWIGHT. ΙΙΟΙ ology, was for two years a tutor, and in 1856-58 studied in Germany, at Berlin and Bonn; upon his return he became professor of sacred literature in Yale Theological Seminary; and in 1886 became president of Yale College. He was one of the American editors of the revised version of the Bible, and was connected editorially with the New Englander. DWIGHT, WILLIAM BUCK, an American scientist; born in Constantinople, Turkey, May 22, 1833; graduated from Yale Scientific School in 1859; a successful teacher at West Point, Connecticut State Normal School, and Vassar College; at the latter becoming professor of natural history in 1878. He spent much of his life in geo logical investigations in the New York limestones. DWIGHT, WILLIAM THEODORE, an American clergyman, son of President Timothy Dwight; born in Greenfield Hill, Connecticut, June 15, He was graduated at Yale in 1813, and 1795. after eight years spent as tutor at Yale and in study, was admitted to the Connecticut bar. entered the ministry of the Congregational Church in 1832, and became one of the most influential He died in clergymen of his denomination. Andover, Massachusetts, Oct. 22, 1865. He DYAKS OR DAYAKS, the Malay name for the race which constitutes the bulk of the aboriginal population of Borneo. See BORNEO, Vol. IV, p. 58. DYER, ALEXANDER BYRDIE, an American general; born in Richmond, Virginia, Jan. 10, 1815. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837; was chief of ordnance of the army invading New Mexico in 1846-48, and afterward was in command of the North Carolina arsenal. From 1861 to 1864 he was in command of the Springfield armory, and in the latter year was placed in charge of the Ordnance Bureau in Washington, District of Columbia, with the rank of brigadier-general. In March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general, United States army, for He was the inventor of distinguished services. He died in the Dyer projectile for cannon. Washington, District of Columbia, May 20, 1874. DYER, ELIPHALET, an American jurist; born in Windham, Connecticut, Sept. 26, 1721; died there, May 13, 1807. He was graduated from Yale in 1740, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1746. During the French and Indian wars he was lieutenant-colonel of a regiment sent against Crown Point in 1775, and afterward was made colonel of a regiment. He was the originator of the plan to establish a Connecticut colony in the valley of the Susquehanna, and in 1763 was sent to England as agent of the company. From 1766 to 1793 he was judge of the ConA delegate to the first necticut superior court. Continental Congress in 1744, he was a member of each succeeding Congress, with the exception of that of 1776 and 1777, and became member of the Committee of Safety in 1775. DYER, GEORGE, an English antiquary and He scholar; born in London, March 15, 1755studied first at Christ's Hospital, and afterward at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, which he entered II02 DYER-DYNAMITE-GUN in 1774. He took his degree of B. A. in 1778. During the next 14 years he was tutor and usher, chiefly at Cambridge. In 1792 he settled in London, where he devoted his time to literature, and produced many works of note. Among his works are History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge (1814) and Privileges of the University of Cambridge (1824). He died in Clifford's Inn, March 2, 1841. DYER, THOMAS HENRY, an English historian; born in London, May 4, 1804. He visited Athens, Rome and Pompeii, and studied their ancient topography. He was the author of many valuable historical works. Among his publications are History of Modern Europe (1864); Ruins of Pompeii (1866); and Ancient Athens (1873). He died in Bath, England, Jan. 30, 1888. DYKES, JAMES OSWALD, an English Presbyterian clergyman and author; was born at Port Glasgow, Scotland, Aug. 14, 1835; graduated at Edinburgh in 1854; studied theology at Heidelberg and Erlangen. He was ordained minister and elected colleague of Dr. Candlish in Free St. George's, Edinburgh. He George's, Edinburgh. Compelled to resign this charge through feeble health, he visited Australia, where he remained for three years. In 1869 he became minister of Regent Square Presbyterian Church, London, and was appointed principal of the Theological College, Queen Square. His works are Beatitudes of the Kingdom (1872): Relations of the Kingdom (1874); From Jerusalem to Antioch (1874); Abraham (1877), Sermons (1882 and 1892); and did editorial work of the British and Foreign Evangelical Review for a number of years. DYER, WILLIAM TURNER THISTLETON, a British botanist; born in St. James, Westminster, England, July 28, 1843. He was graduated from OxHe was graduated from Oxford in 1873; was professor of botany at the Agricultural College, Cirencester; at the Royal College of Science for Ireland; for the Royal Horticultural Society; and director of the Royal Gardens at Kew. He published Flora of Middlesex (1869); How Crops Grow (1869); and an English edition of Sach's Text Book of Botany (1875). DYER'S-BROOM, a name given to Genista tinctoria of Europe, but introduced into the United States, and naturalized in sterile soil in New England. It is a leguminous plant, low and somewhat shrubby, and with small bright yellow flowers racemed at the ends of the striate-angled green branches. It is also known as "woadwaxen," "whin," "dyer's-weed," and "greenweed." Its specific as well as popular name refers to the fact that its tops were formerly used to furnish a yellow dye. DYNAMETER OR DYNAMOMETER. See MECHANICs, Vol. XV, p. 764. For the dynameter used in optics, the double-imaged micrometer, see MICROMETER, Vol. XVI, p. 252; and for the marine dynameter, see HARBORS AND DOCks, Vol. XI, p. 458. DYNAMITE-GUN. Nine of these guns are in use by the U. S. Government, and England and Brazil each owns one. Mefford, of Detroit, appears to have been the first to suggest the use of compressed air for discharging dynamite or other high explosive projectiles. Prior to 1890 Lieut. (now Capt.) E. Zalinski became interested in the idea, and developed the gun, which is generally DYERSBURG, the county seat of Dyer County, western Tennessee, on the north fork of the Forked Deer River, and on the Chesapeake, Ohio, and Southwestern railroad, 45 miles N.W. of Jack-known by his name, with the assistance of Enson. It contains a carriage factory, foundry, grist-mill, saw-mill, hotels, and newspaper-offices, and manufactures cottonseed-oil, machinery of various kinds and wooden bowls; is supplied with electric lights and city water. Population 1890, 2,009. DYERSVILLE, a village of Dubuque County, eastern Iowa, situated on Beaver Creek, and on the Chicago, Great Western and Illinois Central railroads, 24 miles W. of Dubuque. It has a flouring-mill and breweries and a very large trade in live-stock. Population 1895, 1,300. gineers Sewall, Reynolds and Pratt, early experiments being made at Sandy Hook, N. J. Later Capt. John T. Rapieff, of New York, further improved the guns and perfected them. These guns differ from all previous pneumatic guns in that they do not emit their whole supply of compressed air at each discharge, but retain the air in a reservoir, admitting it to the barrel or discharge-tube at a pressure below that in the storage-chamber. The greatest difficulty in the designing of the gun lay in the construction of the valves or ports for admitting the compressed air. It was essential DYER'S-WEED, the common name of Reseda that they should act in a very minute space of Luteola, of the family Resedaceae, native of Europe, time, in order to furnish useful service, and it was but naturalized in the United States. It is a tall also necessary that they should be very strong herb, with lanceolate entire leaves, and a long and exact in action. By a somewhat complicated spike of yellowish flowers having four petals. Its arrangement, this result was obtained, and the air congener is R. odorata, the well-known "mignon-introduced at an effective pressure of 1,000 pounds, ette." It also is called "dyer's mignonette" and "weld," and yields a valuable yellow dye. DYKES, JOHN BACCHUS, a British composer; born at Hull, March 10, 1823; graduated at Cambridge; was ordained in 1847, and appointed pre the pressure being increased as the projectile moved along the tube. In this manner dynamite has been thrown a distance of 6,000 yards, and those interested in its manufacture are developing means for increasing this range. DYNAMO DZIGGETAI The Maxim-Schupphaus system of throwing aërial torpedoes from guns by means of a special powder which starts the projectile with a low pressure and increases the velocity by keeping the pressures well up throughout the whole length of the gun, is the most recent claimant for recognition in the field of dynamite-guns. It is possible to use powder in this gun, of a sort invented for the purpose by Dr. Schupphaus. This special powder is made up in the form of cylindrical sticks perforated lengthwise, and capable of giving out the gases at the forward ends while burning. The initial pressure given out by this powder on ignition in a 30-foot gun is calculated to be only one sixteenth of the pressure applied to the projectile just before it leaves the muzzle. This great acceleration of speed, combined, with a safe initial pressure, is productive of a long range, and 10 miles has been claimed for this gun, though this remains to be proven. The explosive used with this gun is maximite, which owes its force principally to nitroglycerine. A 20-inch gun 30 feet long is being manufactured to test this system on a large scale. A new form of gun for using powder to discharge dynamite cartridges has been built on an experimental scale. It has a tube bent into a flat coil, so that it appears like three tubes laid parallel and connected by bends. The dynamite cartridge is placed in the last straight section of the tube and the powder is fired in the first straight section. 1103 As a consequence, the expanding gases have to travel through the first and second tube sections and around two bends before reaching the dynamite. Thus the shock is regulated so that the dynamite can be thrown as readily as with compressed air, while the force so obtainable is greater than can be had through any arrangement of valves for letting in compressed air. C. H. COCHRANE. DYNAMO, ALTERNATING CURRENT. See ELECTRICITY, § 85, in these Supplements. DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINE. See LIGHTING, Vol. XIV, pp. 630-632; and ELECTRICITY, § 79, in these Supplements. DYNE. See ENERGY, Vol. VIII, p. 206. DYSPNEA. See RESPIRATION, Vol. XX, p. See 485. DYTISCIDÆ, a genus of water-beetles. COLEOPTERA, Vol. VI, pp. 128-130. DYVLETT GHYREY, a Crimean khan, the last who ruled without Russian protection. See CRIMEA, Vol. VI, p. 587. DZIGGETAI OR DZEGGETAI, a wild ass, more horse-like than the others. It is probably the hemionus ("half-ass") of Herodotus and Pliny. It inhabits the plateaus of central Asia. The dziggetai, the kiang and the koulan are regarded by many naturalists as varieties of the same species. See HORSE, Vol. XII, p. 175; and Ass, Vol. II, p. 717. EADS E EADS EAMES EAGLE-HAWK (Morphuus or Spizatus), a genus or subgenus of Falconida, of the eagle group, but consisting of species of comparatively small size, and characterized by short wings, long, slender legs (tarsi), and comparatively feeble toes and claws. They are natives of warm climates, chiefly of South America, but also of Africa and the East Indies. ADS, JAMES BUCHANAN, an American engi- | the Black Eagle. The decoration consists of a neer; born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, May white Maltese cross surmounted by a royal crown 23, 1820. At the age of with the Brandenburg red eagie in the corner. 13 he settled in St. Louis, Both decorations are for meritorious services, and in 1842 constructed and are granted by the emperor. a diving-bell boat. Afterward he built several boats for raising large steamers. In 1845 he established the first glass-works west of the Mississippi. In 1861 he constructed eight ironclads in one hundred days, and these steamers were employed in the capture of Fort Henry JAMES B. EADS. in February, 1862. Later he built many other ironclads and mortar-boats. For seven years from 1867 he was engaged in the construction of the steel arch bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis. Subsequently he deepened the Southern Pass at the mouth of the Mississippi by means of jetties, and outlined a plan to deepen the river from the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Ohio. Congress appropriated a large sum of money for the work, but discontinued the appropriation, although the plan had been shown to be practicable. He afterward formed a company to build a ship-railway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. He was connected with various other enterprises. He was the first American to receive the Albert medal of the British Society of Arts, which was awarded to him in 1884. He died in Nassau, Bahama Islands, March 8, 1887. See JETTIES, Vol. XX, p. 580. EAGLE, ORDER OF THE BLACK, in Prussia, an order founded by the Elector of Brandenburg, on Jan. 17, 1701, the day of his coronation as king of Prussia. The number of knights, in addition to the princes of the royal family, was originally thirty, but now is unlimited. They must at their nomination be at least thirty years of age, and their noble descent for four generations is necessary. The insignia of the order consists of an octagonal cross of blue enamel, and eight black eagles displayed between the arms of the cross. The cross is suspended by a broad ribbon of orange color across the left shoulder, and it is accompanied by an embroidered silver star fastened on the left breast. Knights of the Black Eagle are likewise knights of the Red Eagle, first-class. The Order of the Red Eagle was originated in 1734 by the Markgraf Georg Frederick Charles, and was raised to the second rank by Frederick William II, in 1791. Only those having this order can receive the cross of EAGLE-OWL (Bubo), a genus of the owl family (Strigida), characterized by a somewhat incomplete facial disk, two tufts of feathers (horns or egrets) of considerable size on the head, ears with small openings (conches), legs and toes covered with feathers, short, strong curved bill, and long, curved, sharp claws. To this genus belong the largest of the nocturnal birds of prey. The eagleowl of Europe (Bubo maximus) is little inferior in size to the golden eagle, and preys on quardupeds such as hares, rabbits and young deer, and on grouse, partridges and other kinds of game. It seizes its prey with its feet, and seldom touches it with the bill till its struggles are over. It is an inhabitant of many parts of Europe and Asia, but it is only an occasional visitor in Britain. The eagle-owl of America (B. Virginianus), the Virginian horned owl, or great horned owl, is very similar to the species just noticed, but of inferior size, although still a large and powerful, as it is also a bold, bird. It carries off with ease almost any inhabitant of the poultry-yard. It is found in nearly all parts of America. See OWL, Vol. XVIII, p. 90. EAGLE PASS, a city and the capital of Maverick County, southern Texas, on the Rio Grande River, and on the Southern Pacific railroad, 248 miles S. W. of Austin, in a coal-mining, wool-growing and stock-raising district. Population 1890, 2,729. EAGLE-RAY. See RAY, Vol. XX, p. 300. EAGLE ROCK, a village of Bingham County, southeastern Idaho, on the Snake River, and on the Union Pacific railroad. It is the market place for a large part of Snake River valley. Population 1890, 938. EAGLE-WOOD, the wood of Aquilaria ovata, a tree of tropical Asia, of the family Thymelæacea, used as incense. See AQUILARIA, in these Supplements; and CAMBODIA, Vol. IV, p. 725. EAGRE OR EAGER. See BORE, in these Supplements. EAMES, CHARLES, an American lawyer; born in New Braintree, Massachusetts, March 20, 1812. He was graduated from Harvard in 1831, and studied law in New York City, but did not enter |