1230

Ranging, as the limit of value does, from five thousand dollars in Texas to one hundred dollars in Maryland, and varying in minor details, as each statute naturally must, the printing of the full text of all legal enactments on the subject of exemptions would tax the limits of an encyclopædia, and transgress the province of a legal text-book. A further reason against such a course presents itself in the existence of a cognate series of laws, with similar object, exempting certain specified personal property from distress, seizure or sale. Restricted, also, as these last-named legislative enactments are, in the main, to heads of families, their multitudinous specific exemptions, designed to meet each debtor's needs and conditions in life, are peculiarly the province of a legal treatise to discuss and detail. The principles alone of such legislation are proper here.

The preceding table gives a comprehensive and succinct statement of the exemptions of real and personal estate in each state or territory, but it should be remembered that a reference to the necessary statute will be required to ascertain the numerous qualifications required and the many specific articles exempted. The specific exemptions of all the states may be found collected and concisely, yet accurately, stated in the current annual volume of Hubbell's Legal Directory, and similar works.

EXETER, one of the capitals of Rockingham County, southeastern New Hampshire, on the Squamscott River, 50 miles N. of Boston, and on the Boston and Maine railroad. It was founded in 1638 by John Wheelwright, the Puritan preacher, who bought the site from the Indians and established there his "Church of Christ, at the Falls of Paschataqua." The well-known Phillips Academy is here, and the Robinson Female Seminary. It has a cotton-mill, railroad roundhouse and manufactures castings. Population, 4,284.

It was

EXETER HALL, a large proprietary building on the north side of the Strand, London. completed in 1831, and can seat upward of 5,000 persons. It is let chiefly for religious assemblies, and is in great demand during the "May meetings" of the several religious societies. It has also been used for musical fêtes. In 1880 it was purchased, for $125,000, for the Young Men's Christian Association.

EXHAUSTIONS, METHOD OF, a mode of proving mathematical propositions regarding quantities by continually taking away parts of them. See INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS, Vol. XIII, p. 5.

EXMOOR, a wild and rugged tract of elevated moorland, broken by deep, romantic glens, or combes, sloping toward the sea, in the western part of the

From

tions of the county of Devon, England. Its highest point is Dunkerry Beacon, Somersetshire (1,668 feet). It is traversed by the headwaters of the Exe and Barle, and numerous smaller streams, all abounding in trout. Exmoor was a royal forest from early days, and embraced a wide area, which has now been brought under cultivation. There are some ironmines, as well as worked-out silver-mines. one of the latter, at Coombmartin, one Bullmer presented a massive silver cup to Queen Elizabeth. Exmoor is one of the few remaining haunts of the wild red deer, and the hunting-ground of the Exmoor staghounds, one of the oldest English packs. Transferred as its wild beauty has been to the canvas of many an artist, its fame securely rests in Black-more's fine prose epic of the western moorlands, Lorna Doone. The resort of the tourist of to-day glows in the enthusiastic word-picture of him who. first chronicled the deeds of "girt Jan Ridd," and the vile doings of "those flowers of the flock of villany, the Doones of Badgery." A sturdy breed of stocky ponies runs wild on the moor. The coast scenery, especially at Lynton and Lynmouth, is grand, rugged and much frequented by summer tourists. A narrow- -gauge railroad was completed, in 1896, from Barnstaple to Lynton, traversing the skirts of the moor.

EXODUS. See EGYPT, Vol. VII, pp. 735, 740,.

741.

EXODUS, Book of. See PENTATEUCH, Vol. XVIII, pp. 505 et seq.

EXOGAMY. See TOTEMISM, Vol. XXIII, p.

472.

66

EXOGENS, a term formerly applied to dicotyledons, to express the fact that the stems increase in outside, thus making growth-rings. thickness by adding new layers of material to the In this application the term has been abandoned, and that of exogenous" is applied now to those parts or organs which arise from the superficial as well as the deeper-seated tissues of the structure upon which they are borne. Stem branches and leaves are good examples of exogenous organs. See BOTANY, Vol. IV, pp. 100-103.

EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE. See GOITRE,. Vol. X, p. 640.

EXOSMOSE OR ENDOSMOSE. See OSMOSE, in these Supplements.

EXOSTOSIS. See PATHOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, p.

371.

EXOTIC PLANTS OR EXOTICS, cultivated plants originally derived from foreign countries. The term is generally applied to those whose native country differs so much in soil or climate from that into which they have been conveyed, that their cultivation is attended with difficulty, requiring artificial heat, or other means unlike those requisite in the case of indigenous plants. Some exotics seldom flower in their new home, and of those that do some never ripen their fruit and seeds. EXPANSION, THEORY OF. pp. 581-583. EXPATRIATION, the act of a person in voluntarily relinquishing his citizenship in his own coun

See HEAT, Vol. XI,

it is not the duty of one state to turn over a fugitive criminal to the state from which he has fled. Before the extradition treaty with Spain, the President of the United States honored the requisition of that government asking the return of Arguelles, because of the atrocity of the crime charged against him. The Senate interposed a resolution inquiring under what law or what treaty this action was taken. The President responded that for the sake of justice he had honored the requisition upon the ground of the comity of nations, but made no claim that the United States could be required to do so. Congress has established laws providing for the execution of agreements made by treaty for the return of fugitives from justice, which would, perhaps, by implication, exclude the right to make such return when no treaty is in existence. Both the United States and Great Britain, however, frequently have obtained the return of fugitive criminals from states with which no treaty existed. France and most of the other states adhere to the doctrine, that, under the comity of nations, fugitives from justice, who have taken refuge in a foreign state, should be delivered over to the state from which they have fled, regardless of whether an extradition treaty was in force.

In 1842 an extradition treaty was entered into between the United States and Great Britain, but only seven crimes were named which were sufficient to warrant extradition of fugitives. This treaty was changed in 1889, and increased the number of extraditable offenses to 27. The condition was added in the treaty concluded in 1889, also, that no person who should be surrendered under that treaty should be tried for any offense committed prior to the time of his surrender except the extradition offense. Most modern treaties on this subject require that prima facie proof of the guilt of the person accused shall be presented before his surrender can be demanded, and the mere assertion of guilt by the foreign government is not sufficient. Political offenses almost universally are excluded in modern treaties as extraditable offenses, for the reason that the political conditions of the different states vary so vastly that an offense of this class which may be punishable with great severity in one state may be considered trivial by most of the other nations of the world. Because of the great oppression which is sometimes brought about through the medium of laws against political offenses, most of the enlightened nations of the world refuse to surrender those accused of crimes of this class. The great difficulty, however, which arises on account of this exception, is to make a proper distinction between political offenses and those which are not of a political nature. Frequently, crimes, essentially political, are accompanied by acts of violence, which are the result of malice, rather than opposition to political conditions. No accepted definition of the term political crime, as used in extradition treaties, has been formulated, and the most the courts of the United States have done is to decide whether particular cases come within the meaning of that term. Since the assassination of President Garfield, provisions have been inserted in the treaties between the United States and several foreign powers, to the

effect that an attempt against the head of a government or a member of his family, when such attempt comprises the act of murder, assassination or poisoning, shall not be considered a political offense. It is the custom of the United States and Great Britain to surrender their own citizens who have escaped after having committed a crime in foreign territory. This rule is not generally followed by other nations. It is usually the practice to either undertake the punishment themselves or permit the offender to escape punishment entirely. Among the states with which the United States now has extradition treaties, are the following: Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, the German Empire, Great Britain, Hawaiian Islands, Haiti, Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Orange Free State, Ottoman Empire, San Salvador, Spain, Sweden and Norway, and Switzerland. Extradition, or, more strictly speaking, rendition of fugitives from justice from one state of the United States to the state in which the crime was committed, is provided for by the constitution of the United States, and is not in any manner governed by the rules of international extradition. The constitution provides that any person charged with treason, felony or other crime in one state of the United States, and who has fled from justice, and is found in another state, shall, upon demand of the executive officer of the state from which he has fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state in which the offense was committed. Under this provision, no exception is made as to any class of crimes, as is the custom in international treaties, and the general manner in which the rendition shall be made is fixed by the United States statutes. By act of Congress the executive authority of the state from which the fugitive has fled is the proper source to make demand for his return, and a copy of an indictment or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any state or territory, charging the person demanded with having committed treason, felony or other crime, duly certified by the governor or chief magistrate whence the person so charged has fled, must be presented to the executive authority of the state upon which the requisition is made. The general details as to the manner in which requisitions shall be made, and what officers shall make the arrests, and what officers shall act as agent for the executive authority of the state demanding the return, for the purpose of receiving the prisoner, are fixed by the state statutes. The state making demand for return of the criminal must pay all costs connected with the arrest and delivery of the person extradited. See EXTRADITION, Vol. VIII, p. 813.

EXUMAS, a part of the group of the Bahama Islands, comprising Great Exuma (lat. 23° 30' N., long. 75° 50' W.), Little Exuma and the Exuma Keys. They contain about 2,000 inhabitants, who are employed partly in agriculture, but chiefly in salt-making. In 1851 the Exumas exported 115,356 bushels of salt. Little Exuma is the second most important port of entry in the Bahamas.

EYALET, former name for a Turkish vilayet; q.v., in these Supplements.

EYAM, a village in north Derbyshire, north-central

1233

EYEBRIGHT, the common name of Euphrasia, a genus of plants of the family Scrophularicea, having a tubular calyx, the upper lip of the corolla divided, the lower of three nearly equal lobes, the cells of the anthers spurred at the base, a two-celled capsule and striated seeds. Some of the species are root-parasites. They are natives of Europe and Asia. The common eyebright (E. officinalis) is a little plant about six inches high, with ovate serrated leaves, and white or reddish flowers streaked with purple. It is abundant in pastures and on mountains, and has been used as a medicine in diseases of the eyes and catarrhal affections. It is a weak astringent.

EYE, DEVELOPMENT OF. See SENSE-ORGANS, in these Supplements.

EYE, DISEASES of. See OPHTHALMOLOGY, Vol. XVII, pp. 780-787.

EYEPIECES. See TELESCOPE, Vol. XXIII, pp. 143, 144.

EYLAU, BATTLE OF, a bloody and indecisive engagement fought near the town of the same name in East Prussia, Feb. 8, 1807, between the French under Napoleon, numbering 80,000, and the allies -Russians and Prussians—under Bennigsen, with a smaller number of men, but more artillery. The struggle lasted all day, and as night closed upon the field the allies were driving Napoleon's troops before them; but as the Russians and Prussians retreated during the night, the French claimed the victory. The loss to each army is estimated to have been about 18,000.

EYMERICH OR EYMERICO, NICHOLAS, a Spanish inquisitor; born at Gerona about 1320. He joined the Dominican order, and was appointed in 1356, by Innocent VI, inquisitor-general of Aragon, and in 1371 became chaplain and judge of heresies to Gregory XI at Avignon. He wrote Directorium Inquisitorium in 1376, a work which served as a guide to the infamous Torquemada a century later.

It

It

EYRE, a salt lake of South Australia, lying north of Spencer Gulf, at an altitude of 79 feet, and having an area of 3,706 square miles. Except in the rainy season, this lake is generally a mere salt marsh. is underlaid with an inferior quality of coal. was discovered in 1840 by Edward John Eyre. EYRE, EDWARD JOHN, an English explorer and colonial governor; born in August, 1815, in Yorkshire; went to Australia in 1833, and in 1840-41 explored the south coast of Australia and discovered 78

EYRIA OR EYRE'S PENINSULA, on the south coast of South Australia, triangular in shape, its base being formed by the Gawler Range, while its sides are washed on the southeast by Spencer Gulf, and on the southwest by the Great Australian Bight. It is a rich pastoral country.

EYTELWEIN, JOHANN ALBERT, a Prussian engineer and physicist; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec. 31, 1764; served in the artillery, where he acquired a practical knowledge of engineering. He held important civil offices, and was employed in a large number of public works. Among his writings are a Manual of the Mechanics of Solid Bodies and Hydraulics (1801); A Manual of Perspective (1810). He died at Berlin, Aug. 18, 1848.

EZEKIEL, MOSES JACOB, an American sculptor; born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1844; served in the Confederate army during the war, and in 1869 entered the Royal Academy of Arts at Berlin, remaining till 1871, when he entered the studio of Albert Wolf. In 1873 he gained the Michaelbeer prize, entitling him to two years' study in Italy, where he went the following year. He took up a permanent residence in Rome, making only occasional visits to America. His most famous work, a group entitled Religious Liberty, is in Fairmount. Park, Philadelphia. Some of his other works are Israel; Eve; The Sailor Boy; Grace Darling. His productions have been exhibited at Rome, Berlin, Cincinnati and the National Academy, New York, and elsewhere.

EZION-GEBER OR EZION-GABER, an ancient port, situated on the modern Gulf of Akabah, the Sinus Elanites of antiquity, the easternmost of the two divisions into which the Red Sea bifurcates at its northern extremity. It is mentioned in the Scriptures as the last camping-place of the Israelites before entering the wilderness of Zin. From this place, too, Solomon sent a fleet to Ophir, and it was here that King Jehoshaphat built ships for the same destination. Some ruins in the sea, a short distance south of the village of Akabah, are supposed to be the ruins of Ezion-geber.

FAAM

AAM OR FAHAM, an orchid, native of Madagascar, prized for the fragrance of its leaves, which is owing to the presence of coumarin. In Mauritius an infusion of faam leaves is in great repute as a cure for pulmonary consumption.

FABA, an old genus of Leguminosa, now referred to Vicia, but still sometimes kept separate. Vicia Faba (F. vulgaris) is the common "horse-bean" of Europe.

FABLIAUX OR FABLEAUX, an appellation given in old French literature to a class of short, metrical narratives, intended for recitation,-the tales of the Trouvères. They were the prototypes of the modern novel. See ROMANCE, Vol. XX, p. 633.

FABRE, CHARLES EDWARD, a Canadian churchman; born at Montreal, Feb. 28, 1827; educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe and the Seminary of Issy, France, and ordained priest in 1850. He visited Belgium in 1869 and made a study of the methods of articulation in use in asylums for the deaf and dumb. He afterward turned his experience to account in the institution for the deaf and dumb which he established in Montreal. He was distinguished as a pulpit orator, and in 1876 became bishop of Montreal, and in 1886 archbishop of the same city. He died Dec. 30, 1896. His brother Louis K. HECTOR, a Canadian journalist, was born at Montreal, Aug. 9, 1834; educated at the colleges of St. Hyacinthe and St. Sulpice, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He entered upon newspaperwork, and for a time was editor of L'Ordre in Montreal, and later of Le Canadien in Quebec. In 1869 he founded L'Événement in Quebec, becoming its editor and proprietor. He was elected to the Dominion Senate in 1875.

FABRICE, GEORG FRIEDRICH ALFRED VON, a Saxon soldier and statesman; born at Quesnoy-surDeule, France, May 23, 1818. In 1834 he entered the Saxon service, and took part in the campaign in Schleswig-Holstein in 1863 and 1864, and was chief of staff to the crown prince of Saxony in the Bohemian campaign of 1866, in which he distinguished himself. As Secretary of War in the same year, he assumed the task of reorganizing the Saxon army after the Prussian pattern. He was commander-inchief of the army of occupation in France in 1871. At the close of the Franco-Prussian war he was made Minister of War for Saxony, and in 1876 Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The title of count was conferred upon him in 1884. He died March 25, 1891.

FABRONI, GIOVANNI VALENTINO MATHIAS, an Italian scientist; born at Florence, Feb. 13, 1752. He applied various physical sciences to objects of general interest. He constructed the bridge across the Dora Baltea, and the road across Mt. Genèvre, at an elevation of six thousand feet. He was director

of the museum at Florence, and in 1815 took the chair of natural science at the University of Pisa. His writings on botany, chemistry and economy are numerous. He died at Pisa, Dec. 17, 1822.

FABULÆ ATELLANÆ. See ATELLA, Vol. II, p. 827.

FABVIER, CHARLES NICOLAS, a French soldier; born at Pont-à-Mousson, Dec. 15, 1783. He served with distinction in Germany and Spain, and was severely wounded at Moscow in 1812. In 1814 he signed the capitulation of Paris. In 1823 he went to the assistance of the Greeks, and rendered valuable service in organizing an army. He resigned from the Greek service in 1828. In 1839 he was created lieutenant-general, and in 1845 became a peer of France. His writings comprise several military and historical treatises. He died Sept. 15, 1855.

FACATATIVÁ, a town of Cundinamarca, central Colombia, 18 miles N.W. of Bogotá, and connected with it by rail. Elevation, 8,500 feet. The river Facatativá enters the earth here, and flows underground for a short distance. The town has some commercial importance, receiving much of the trade of Bogotá and transmitting it down to the Magdalena. Some interesting antiquities are found near by. Population, 7,000.

FACCIO, FRANCO, an Italian composer; born at Verona, of humble parentage, March 8, 1840 (or 1841); entered the Milan Conservatory in 1855, where he made remarkable progress in composition. He left the conservatory in 1861, and on Nov. 10, 1863, his opera, I Profughi Fiamminghi, was performed at La Scala. Before this, Le Sorelle d' Italia, written in collaboration with Boito, had been performed at the Conservatorio. Amleto, the libretto of which was written by Boito, was produced at Genoa in 1865. After serving in the Garibaldian army, he became professor of harmony in the Milan Conservatory, and in 1872 succeeded Terziana as conductor at La Scala. Faccio held Faccio held an important position. among the musicians of Italy; but it was as a conductor he was most successful, being considered the greatest Italian conductor of his day. He died July 21, 1891.

FACIAL PARALYSIS OR BELL'S PALSY. See PARALYSIS, Vol. XVIII, p. 257.

FACING AND BORING MACHINES FOR NES LOCOMOTIVES. See MACHINE TOOLS, in these Supplements.

FACTOR OF SAFETY. See STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, Vol. XXII, p. 596.

FACTORY LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. In almost every state in the United States laws are in force regulating the manner of conducting factories and workshops. Most of these laws require that the sanitary condition of all factories and workshops be subject to inspection by a