1260 FERRARI FERRIS See Life of Nicholas Ferrar, by Rev. John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor (1855). He died Dec. 4, 1637. FERRARI, GIUSEPPE, an Italian historian and philosopher; born in Milan in 1811; studied law at Pavia, but was attracted to literature, and edited a complete edition of the works of Giovanni Battista Vico (1834). He removed to Paris in 1837, where he published, two years later, Vico and Italy, and was appointed, in 1840, professor of philosophy at Rochefort. He occupied the chair of philosophy at Strasburg for some years, being removed twice on account of his communistic ideas. In 1847 he published an essay on the Principles and Limits of the Philosophy of History. In 1859 he returned to his native country and filled chairs at Turin, Milan His other works include Filosofia della Rivoluzione (1851); Histoire des Révolutions d'Italie (1856); Corso di Lezioni sugli Scrittori Politici Italiani (1862). He died July 1, 1876. FERRARI, PAOLO, an Italian dramatic poet; born at Modena, April 15, 1832; was appointed professor of history at Modena in 1860, and afterward at Milan. He is best known by his comedies, Goldoni e le Sue Sedici Commedie (1852) and Parine e la Satira (1857). He died at Milan, March 10, 1889. FERREIRA, ALEXANDRE RODRIGUES, a Portuguese naturalist; born in Bahia, April 27, 1756; died in Lisbon, Portugal, April 23, 1815. He studied at Coimbra, and in 1770 became professor of natural nistory in that university. In 1778 the government of Portugal appointed him to make researches into the natural history and geography of the country bordering the Amazon River, but it was not until 1783 that he was enabled to engage in the Brazilian exploration. In 1792 the explorer returned to Belem, and a year later went to Lisbon. In Portugal he became connected with the Ministry of Marine, and in 1796 was made superintendent of the Royal Cabinet of Natural History and of the Botanical Gardens. FERREL, WILLIAM, an American meteorologist; born in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, Jan. 29, 1817; graduated at Bethany College in 1844; and in 1857 was appointed assistant in the government office of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, continuing in this position for ten years, when he was employed on the Coast Survey of the United States, to investigate the subject of tidal waves. In 1882 he became professor in the Signal Service, and retired from this position in 1886. His publications include Motions of Fluids and Solids Relative to the Earth's Surface (1859); Determinations of the Moon's Mass from Tidal Observations (1871); Tidal Researches (1874); Tides of Tahiti (1874); Meteorological Researches (1875, 1878, 1881); Temperature of the Atmosphere and the Earth's Surface (1884). He invented a tide-predicting machine, which came into constant use. He died at Maywood, Kansas, Sept. 19, 1891. FERRICYANIDES. See PRUSSIC ACID, Vol. XX, p. 24. FERRIER, DAVID, a Scotch neurologist; born at Aberdeen, in 1843; graduated at the university of that city, with high honors, in 1863; gained, the same year, the Fergusson scholarship in classics and philosophy, open to students of the four Scottish universities. He studied philosophy in Heidelberg; and medicine in Edinburgh, graduating in 1870. In 1872 he was appointed professor of forensic medicine in King's College, London; and, in 1889, was inducted into the chair of neuropathology, which had been specially provided for him by the governing body of the college. He received many medals for his researches on the brain. Dr. Ferrier's researches have increased our knowledge of the brain perhaps more than those of any other investigator. A prominent advocate of vivisection, he incurred the special hostility of the anti-vivisectionists in connection with his operations on living animals, including apes. His original researches were mostly conducted, at first, at the West Riding Asylum (see CRICHTON-BROWNE, SIR JAMES, in these Supplements). Dr. Ferrier is one of the editors of Brain, and has published The Functions of the Brain (1876); The Localization of Cerebral Diseases (1878); Lesions of the Regions of the Cerebral Hemispheres (1885). FERRIS, GEORGE WASHINGTON GALE, an American engineer; born at Galesburg, Illinois, in 1858. Migrating with his family to California, he there received his early education, and in 1881 graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. He started in business at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he located his construction GEORGE W. G. FERRIS. When the Columbian Exposition structures were building, some special structure was desired that should rival and excel the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Exhibition of 1889. At a dinner of the Saturday Afternoon Club Mr. Ferris outlined the plan of a monster wheel of a design all engineers had hitherto declared impracticable. The plan then outlined was successfully carried out. Died, 1896. See FERRIS WHEEL, in these Supplements. FERRIS, ISAAC, an American clergyman; born in New York City, Oct. 9, 1798. His course at Columbia College was interrupted by his raising, among the students, a military company for the War of 1812, but he was graduated with honors in 1816. He studied theology at Rutgers College; was licensed to preach in 1820; next year became pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church at New Brunswick, New Jersey, and subsequently held pastorates in Albany and New York City. He was long the principal of Rutgers Female Institute, and in 1852 became chancellor of the University of New York. His administration originated marked improvement in the standard of scholarship, while his management of the funds relieved the financial embarrassment. He occupied the chair of moral science and Christian evidence in 1853-70, and was acting professor of constitutional and international law in 1855-69. He died at Roselle, New Jersey, June 16, 1873. FERRIS WHEEL FERRIS WHEEL, THE, an immense structure designed and invented by G. W. G. Ferris (q.v., in these Supplements) as a popular feature in the Midway Plaisance at the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893. The wheel was composed of two wheels of the same size, connected and held together by rods and struts, which, however, did not approach closer than 20 feet to the periphery. Each wheel had for its outline a curved, hollow, square iron beam 25% by 19 inches. At a distance of 40 feet within this circle was another circle of a lighter beam. These beams were called "crowns," and were connected and held together by an elaborate truss-work. At the center of the wheel was an immense axle, 32 inches thick and 45 feet in length. Each of the twin wheels, where the axle passed through it, was provided with a large iron hub 16 1261 resting on 20 cubic feet of solid concrete foundation. The wheel itself was 250 feet in diameter, 825 feet in circumference, 30 feet wide and elevated 15 feet from the ground. It was turned by steampower and was provided with powerful brakes. The ground was broken for its erection March 20, 1893, and the completed wheel began to turn on June 20th. Up to the close of the Exposition 1,454,013 passengers were carried without accident of any kind, a complete revolution occupying about 20 minutes. The wheel cost $300,000, and at the conclusion of the Exposition was taken down and reerected near Lincoln Park, in Chicago, where it still affords a magnificent panorama of Lake Michigan and Chicago's lofty buildings to tourists and visitors. Throughout the World's Fair it was lighted by 3,000 electric lights. A wheel for the same pur feet in diameter. Between these hubs and the inner "crowns" there were no connections, except spokerods 21⁄2 inches in diameter, arranged in pairs and 13 feet apart at the crown connection. At a distance these looked like spiders' webs, and the wheel appeared to be constructed on the principle of a bicycle wheel, the only difference being that it hung by its axle instead of resting on the ground. On the periphery of the wheel, and at equal intervals, were hung 36 cars, or carriages, for the conveyance of passengers. Each car was 27 feet long, 13 feet wide and 9 feet high, and had a carrying capacity of 40 passengers. The wheel, with cars and passengers, weighed 1,200 tons, and needed substantial support. The axle rested on two skeleton iron towers, each 40 by 50 feet at the base, 6 feet square at the top and 140 feet high. Each tower had four great feet, each pose, but different in size and construction, was completed April 27, 1895, at Earl's Court, London. Its diameter is 300 feet; its axle has a passage running through it of seven feet in diameter. The wheel hangs between two towers of four slanting columns, each 150 feet high, having saloons at the top. Forty carriages are hung on the periphery of the wheel, each being 24 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 10 feet high, and calculated to hold 30 passengers-in all 1,200. Passengers enter the cars from eight stages placed at the bottom of the wheel; the journey round takes about twenty minutes, including stoppages. The wheel is driven by two endless chains of short-link type, each being one thousand feet in length, and weighing eight tons. The motive power is taken from two fifty-horse power Robey under-type engines placed in an engine-house on the ground. 1262 FERRO-FESSLER FERRO. See CANARY ISLANDS, Vol. IV, p. 800. from December, 1865, to March, 1871, and was FERRY, JULES FRANÇOIS CAMILLE, a French statesman; born at Saint-Dié, April 5, 1832. He was admitted to the Paris bar in 1854, and identified himself with the opponents of the empire. He was condemned as one of the "thirteen" in 1864. In 1869 he was elected to the Corps Legislatif. He voted against the war with Prussia, but, during the siege, he was a prominent member of the Government of National Defense, assisting in suppressing the communistic rising in October, 1870. After the war he was minister at Athens (1872), and in 1879 he became Minister of Public Instruction. He introduced a bill directed against the Jesuits, which was passed by the Deputies, but twice thrown out in the Senate. The expulsion of the Jesuits was effected by decree founded upon disused laws, and the Ministry was dissolved in 1880. He then formed a Cabinet and embarked on a policy of "colonial expansion." His Cabinet resigned in 1881 on the question of the expedition to Tunis. He became Prime Minister again in 1883, and again entered on the career of aggrandizement in Madagascar and Tonquin, but his Ministry was overthrown in 1884 by an adverse vote relative to the war with China. He was now one of the most unpopular men in France, and the adverse vote was regarded as accomplishing his political death. He continued in retirement for nine years, until, in the beginning of 1893, he was recalled to public life during the Panama canal excite ment. He was forthwith elected to the presidency of the Senate, but died suddenly, March 17, 1893. FERRY, ORRIS SANFORD, an American soldier and public man; born at Bethel, Connecticut, Aug. 15, 1823; graduated at Yale in 1844; admitted to the bar in 1846; appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first division of Connecticut militia; judge of probate for the district of Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1849-56; elected to the state senate in 1855; elected to Congress in 1858; in 1861 colonel of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment, and promoted brigadier-general in 1862. Resigning his commnission in 1865, was elected to the United States Senate in 1866; voted for the impeachment of President Johnson, and was re-elected to the Senate in 1872. He died at Norwalk, Connecticut, Nov. 21, 1875. FERRY, PAUL, a French Protestant who became noted for his eloquence and his endeavors to bring about a reconciliation between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, which won for him the name of "the Pacificator." He was born at Metz, Feb. 24, 1591; was educated at the Huguenot Seminary at Montaubon; took orders in 1612, and became pastor at Metz, where he remained until his death. He corresponded much with John Dury, in Scotland, and with his noted contemporary, Bossuet. Some of Ferry's enemies charge him with having accepted a pension from Richelieu in consideration of his efforts at bringing about a reunion between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, even asserting that his receipts are to be seen in the National Library at Paris. He died July 28, 1669. FERRY, THOMAS WHITE, an American statesman; born at Mackinac, Michigan, June 1, 1827; served in the state legislature some years and in Congress elected to the United States Senate in 1871. On the death of Vice-President Wilson in 1875, Mr. Ferry became acting Vice-President, and served as such until March 4, 1877. He was re-elected to the Senate, and served until March, 1883. He died at Grand Haven, Michigan, Oct. 14, 1896. FERRYLAND, a port of southeastern Newfoundland, 45 miles S. of St. John's, the capital of Ferryland district. Lord Baltimore settled here in 1523, before he went to Maryland, but was forced to leave on account of the French disturbances. Population, 700. FERTILIZATION, in botany, a sexual process in which two dissimilar gametes (sexual cells) fuse to form an oospore. The two gametes usually differ from each other in size and activity, the male gamete (spermatozoid or antherozoid) being small and active, the female gamete (oösphere) being relatively large and passive. In case like gametes fuse, the sexual process is termed conjugation, and the product a zygospore. See also REPRODUCTION, Vol. XX, p. 425. FERTILIZATION, ANIMAL. See EMBRYOLOGY, in these Supplements. FERTILIZERS. See AGRICULTURE, Vol. I, pp. 342-353. FESA OR FASA, a town of southwestern Persia, in the province of Fars, 80 miles S. E. of Shiraz, situated in a mountain defile, and is of considerable size. It has manufactories of silken, woolen and cotton fabrics, and some trade in a kind of tobacco. Population, 18,000. FESCENNINE VERSES. See SATIRE, Vol. XXI, p. 318; DRAMA, Vol. VII, p. 409. FESCUE, the popular name of Festuca, a large and widely diffused genus of grasses, very nearly allied to brome-grass, and including many of the most valuable pasture and fodder grasses. F. ovina, (sheep's fescue), and F. elatior (meadow-fescue) are common in cultivation as lawn and pasture grasses. FESSENDEN, WILLIAM PITT, an American statesman; born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, Oct. 16. 1806; died in Portland, Maine, Sept. 8, 1869. He practiced law in Maine and was elected to the state legislature in 1832, in 1840, and again in 1845-46. In 1840 he was elected to Congress as a Whig, and served one term. In 1853-54 he was again in the state legislature, and in February, 1854, took the seat in the United States Senate, which he retained until 1864. He was a prominent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and took a leading part in the formation of the Republican party, and opposed slavery. On the resignation of Salmon P. Chase in July, 1864, Mr. Fessenden became Secretary of the Treasury, an office which he held until March 7, 1865. He was a third time elected to the Senate, and became chairman of the joint committee on reconstruction and of the finance committee. opposed the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, and was one of the seven Republican Senators who voted "not guilty" in Johnson's case. He FESSLER, JOSEPH, an Austrian prelate; born at Lochau, Tyrol, Dec. 2, 1813; died April 25, 1872. He studied theology at Brixen; was ordained in 1837; in 1841 became professor of church history FEUILLANTS-FIDDMIN and canon law at Brixen; and in 1852 professor of church history in the University of Vienna. He was made bishop of St. Pölten in 1865, and was general secretary of the Vatican Council in 1869. He published Institutiones Patrologica (1850-52) and Sammlung Vermischter Schriften (1869). FEUILLANTS, CONGREGATION OF, a reform of the Cistercian order, remarkable as forming part of the great religious movement in the Roman Catholic Church during the sixteenth century, probably stimulated by the progress of the Reformation at that time. The author of this reform was Jean de la Barrière, abbot of the Cistercian monastery at Feuillants, in Languedoc, who laid down for himself a new and much more austere course of life, in which he soon found many associates among the brethren of his order. The rule was approved by Pope Sixtus V. The name was adopted by a French revolutionary club which held its meetings in the convent of the order in the Rue St. Honoré in Paris. See FRANCE, Vol. IX, p. 602. FEUILLET, OCTAVE, a French novelist and dramatist; born at St.-Lô, in La Manche, Aug. 11, 1821; died Dec. 29, 1890; educated at the College of Louis le Grand, Paris. He was for some time a literary assistant of Dumas, and began his own career with Le Fruit Défendu, in the Révue Nouvelle. In 1848 he published, in the Révue des Deux Mondes, a series of proverbs, comedies, tales and romances, which were collected in Scènes et Proverbes and Scènes et Comédies (5 vols., 1853-56). In 1862 he was elected to the French Academy, and was afterward librarian to the emperor. His most noted novel, Le Roman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre (1858), gained great popularity throughout Europe, and Histoire de Sibylle (1862) was also very successful. These were followed by M. de Camors (1867); Julia de Tré- | cœur (1872); Un Mariage dans le Monde (1875); Les Amours de Philippe (1877); Le Journal d'une Femme (1878); Histoire d'une Parisienne (1881); and Morte (1886). Among his dramas are La Nuit Terrible (his first piece); Le Bourgeois de Rome (1846); La Crise (1848); Le Village (1855); Dalila (1857); Montjoye (1863); Le Cas de Conscience (1867); Julie (1869); L'Acrobate (1873); Le Sphinx (1874); Un Roman Parisien (1883). 1263 lary flowers. It is found in North America, where it is dried and the roasted berries occasionally used as a substitute for coffee. It is chiefly valued for its medicinal properties. FEYEN, JACQUES EUGÈNE, a French painter; born at Bey-sur-le-Seille, Nov. 13, 1815; entered the School of Fine Arts in 1847, and was a pupil of Delaroche; commenced to exhibit at the Salon in 1841, and in 1866 began to attract special attention by his marine views, as well as by his Brittany subjects. Among his productions are La Recette (1867); Le Jeu de Quilles à Cancale (1877); Berceus Berceuse Endormie (1880); Repas Frugal (1883); Lavandières Bretonnes (1888); and La Fiancée du Marin (1890). He made an exhibition of his works, comprehending 265 canvases, in 1869, and received the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1881. FIBROUS TISSUE. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 849; and HISTOLOGY, Vol. XII, p. 18. FIBULA. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 829. FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN VON, a German philosopher, son of Johann Gottlieb Fichte (q.v., Vol. IX, pp. 134-138); born at Jena, July 18, 1797; educated at the University of Berlin. After holding minor positions, he was appointed professor extraordinary of philosophy at Bonn in 1836, and in 1842 accepted the chair of philosophy at Tübingen, which he held for 25 years. His earliest important work was Beiträge zur Characteristik der Neuern Philosophie (1849). This was followed by Ueber Gegensatz Wendepunkt und Ziel heutiger Philosophie (1832-36); Speculative Theologie (1847); System der Ethik (185053); Anthropologie (1854); Psychologie (1864); Philosophie, Theologie und Ethik (1869); Die Theistische Weltanschauung und Ihre Berechtigung (1873). He edited his father's complete works, and published a Life and Literary Letters of the same in 1831. He died at Stuttgart, Aug. 8, 1879. FICK, ADOLF EUGEN, a German physiologist; · Laorn at Cassel, Sept. 3, 1829; was educated at the aniversities of Marburg and Berlin; tutor from 1852 to 1856, and professor of physiology from 1856 to 1862, in the University of Zürich; extraordinary professor of physiology at Würzburg from 1862 to 1868; full professor in 1868. Among his works are Lehrbuch der Medizinischen Physik (1857); Anatomie und Physiologie der Sinneswerkzeuge (1864); Kompendium der Physiologie (1860); Mechanische Arbeit und Warmeentwickelung bei der Muskelthätigkeit (1882). FEVER-BUSH, the Lindera Benzoin, or Benzoin odoriferum, a shrub of the laurel family, common in the eastern United States. It has an agreeable aromatic odor, and decoctions of its bark and leaves are used as a remedy for low fevers and other complaints. It is also called "spice-bush," "wild allspice" and "Benjamin-bush." FICK, AUGUST, a German philologist; born at Petershagen, near Minden, May 5, 1833; studied at Göttingen, where he became professor of comparative philology in 1876; appointed to the same chair in Breslau in 1888. His studies were chiefly in It is a the field of Indo-European origins. His principal work, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen, originally published with a slightly different title in 1868, ran into a fourth edition in 1891. He also published scholarly editions of Homer's Odyssey and Iliad, and of the poems of Hesiod. FEVERFEW, the common name of Chrysanthemum Parthenium, one of the Composite. branching perennial, one to three feet high, with numerous pinnately divided leaves, and loose clusters of small heads with white rays. It has a strong and somewhat aromatic smell. The double varieties are common in gardens. It has been much cultivated for medicinal purposes, and is used in the cure of fevers. FEVERWORT, the common name of species of Triosteum, a genus of the "honeysuckle" family, having an erect, hairy stem one to four feet high, opposite ovate or lanceolate entire leaves and axil 1264 FIDEI COMMISSUM. P. 454. FIDEI COMMISSUM-FIELD See ENTAIL, Vol. VIII, | respectively in Connecticut and Massachusetts. He died at Stockbridge, April 15, 1867. FIDUCIARY, a legal term meaning in trust or confidential. The law will not permit one standing in a fiduciary relation to another to make any profit at the expense of the person whose interests he is bound to protect, except upon full disclosure of the transaction. Controversy frequently arises as to what will constitute such a relation. Trustees, executors, administrators, and those with other similar duties, occupy fiduciary relations with those who are beneficiaries to the trust. See TRUSTEE, in these Supplements. CYRUS W. FIELD. FIEF. See FEUDALISM, Vol. IX, p. 119. FIELD, CYRUS WEST, Constructor of the first Atlantic cable; born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 30, 1819. He received a good education, and in 1834 went to New York City as clerk in a dry-goods store. In 1840 he entered the paper business. Retiring in 1853, he traveled for a while in South America, and on his return in 1854 he began to give his attention to ocean telegraphs. After some discouragement, he was successful in procuring a charter to establish a telegraph from New York City to Newfoundland and thence to Europe. He crossed the Atlantic fifty times, and devoted 13 years to the execution of this undertaking. He personally engaged in constructing the land line of the telegraph in Newfoundland, and accompanied the expeditions of 1857 and 1858 fitted out to lay the cable in the deep water of the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and Newfoundland. Undismayed by the breakdown of the 1858 cable, he accompanie the Great Eastern expeditions of 1865 and 1866, the last of which resulted in complete success. For this achievement Mr. Field received a gold medal from Congress, and was covered with foreign decorations. He was an energetic promoter of elevated railroads in New York City. He erected, at Tarrytown, New York, a monument to the memory of Major John André, which was subsequently demolished by local fanatics. The last year of his life was embittered by financial embarrassment and family troubles. He died in New York City, July 12, 1892. 1 FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY, an American clergyman; born at Madison (then East Guilford), Connecticut, May 20, 1781; graduated at Yale in 1802; and was licensed to preach in 1803. He was ordained in 1804, and till 1818 was minister in the Congregational Church in Haddam, Connecticut. From 1819 to 1837 he was pastor of the church at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and from the latter year until 1844 was again in Haddam. From 1844 to 1851 he had charge of the church in Higganum, when he retired and returned to Stockbridge, where he passed his remaining days. He wrote a Life of David Brainerd, and histories of Middlesex and Berkshire counties, FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY, an American lawyer, son of the preceding; born at Haddam, Connecticut, Feb. 13, 1805. He studied at Williams College, was admitted to the New York bar in 1828, and continued in active practice until 1885. In 1847 he was appointed commissioner on practice and pleadings, and as such took part in the preparation of the code of procedure. The commission submitted the completed Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure to the legislature in 1850, and they were enacted into law. In 1857 he was appointed by New York state head of a commission to prepare a political code, a penal code and a civil code, and they were completed in 1865. In 1873 Mr. Field presented to the Social Science Congress his Outlines of an International Code, which has been translated into French, Italian and Chinese. As a result, an association was formed for the reform and codification of the laws of nations, and Mr. Field was chosen its first president. This association, also, had for its object the substitution of arbitration for war in the settlement of disputes between nations. Besides numerous contributions to current literature on political topics, Mr. Field published The Electoral Votes of 1876 (1877); and Speeches, Arguments and Miscellaneous Papers (1884). He died in New York City, April 13, 1894. EUGENE FIELD. FIELD, EUGENE, an American journalist and poet, styled the "Poet Laureate of the Children," was born at St. Louis, Missouri, Sept. 3, 1850. His father was Roswell Martin Field, who was the first attorney for Dred Scott. In 1868 Eugene entered Williams College, and on the death of his father in 1869, he was sent to Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois. In 1871 he entered the State University of Missouri, which he left at the commencement of his senior year on the attainment of his majority. He traveled abroad, and returning indulged his natural bent, which was for newspaperwriting. His first position was with the St. Louis Journal in 1873, of which he soon became city editor. He subsequently filled editorial positions on the St. Joseph (Missouri) Gazette, the St. Louis Times-Journal, the Kansas City Times, and the Denver (Colorado) Tribune. During this period his associates produced The Denver Tribune Primer and The Model Primer, which are much sought after on account of their quaint conceits. In 1882 he accepted a position on the Chicago Morning News, now The Record, where he conducted a column called Sharps and Flats, and in which he had absolute freedom of expression, and in which much of his best journalistic work appeared. As a poet he was most felicitous when treating of subjects interesting to childhood. His Little Boy Blue; Wynken, Blynken and Nod; Jes' 'Fore |