tivals, ball games, and quoits. They liked gay feathers, paints, and tattooing. The Indian usually had but one wife, and children traced their descent through their mother instead of their father. Tribes were subdivided into clans with totems.1 Population.-European civilization gradually crowded them westward. By 1838 most of their lands were disposed of and many of them had moved northward and westward, some even beyond the Mississippi. "Such was the final act in the drama of the once powerful barbarian republic in the state of New York." The actual number of Indians in New York in the early period is unknown. In 1774 the estimate was 10,000, and in 1819 only 5,000. The first actual census (1845) showed the number to be 3,766, and in 1890 there were 5,318. The last census shows but a small increase in numbers. Later History.-The Indians are still divided into Christians and pagans. In 1890 there were only twelve churches among them with 1,074 members, and 800 children were attending school. They have made little progress in farming during the past half-century, and still receive help from the state and nation. The Onondagas have a reservation in Onondaga county. few Oneidas live on farms at Oneida in Madison county. The Tuscaroras live in Niagara county. The Senecas are located in Erie, Cattaraugus, Allegany, Genesee, and Niagara counties. The St. Regis Indians in St. A 1 One of the best descriptions was given by Rev. John Megapolensis in The Iroquois (1644). Hart, American History told by Contemporaries, I., 525. Lawrence and Franklin counties are the successors of the Mohawks. Thus the powerful red men, once the monarchs of the state, have been forced to leave the home of their fathers, and are confined to a few small reservations. The advancing civilization of the whites has not carried them with it very far. The Indian has adopted the language, dress, manners, religion, and methods of work of his superiors. He is more civilized, but the noble spirit is broken and his independence is gone. The small res He has become ervation has checked his restless soul. CHAPTER III. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS New Amsterdam.-Hudson's report caused Dutch merchants to send out trading expeditions. The next year (1610) a successful trip aroused still greater interest in this new region. Following this, a company of merchants, having obtained a monopoly of the trade for six voyages, sent five small vessels over to extend the discoveries and to trade with the natives (1614).1 Three prominent captains connected with the enterprise were Adrian Block, Hendrick Christiansen,2 and Cornelius Jacobsen Mey. Block's little ship was accidentally burned off Manhattan Island. While he and his crew 1The names of three vessels were the Little Fox, Nightingale, Tiger, and two more were called Fortune. "There is some record of his having made a trip in 1613 and of his erecting a few huts on Manhattan Island. O'Callaghan, Hist. of New Netherlands, Vol, I., Bk. 1, ch. 4. were building another small vessel they erected huts.1 This was the beginning of New Amsterdam, the infant city of New York. Fort Nassau. Meanwhile Christiansen, bent on trade, went up the Hudson. On an island near Albany he constructed Fort Nassau.2 Two guns were mounted upon its walls, and ten men were left to garrison it. In a few months a flood destroyed it. Having completed his new ship, Block sailed through Long Island Sound, gave his name to a small island, explored Rhode (red) Island, and rounded Cape Cod. There he met Christiansen, about to set out for Holland. Turning his ves sel over to another,3 Block went home with his cour 1 His burnt ship was the Tiger, and his new vessel was the Restless having 16 tons burden. 2 Named in honor of Maurice, Count of Nassau, Stadtholder of Holland. The French may have built a fort there in 1540. The new captain turned south and ascended the Delaware River as far as Philadelphia, where he found three of Christian ageous companion. Mey had gone farther south and had explored Delaware Bay.1 The Dutch Trading Company.-When the discoveries of Block and his associates were made known to the company, that body asked for a charter guaranteeing to them a monopoly of trade. The grant gave them exclusive trade rights for three years in New Netherland, a region defined as "between New France and Virginia." The charter was renewed from time to time till 1621. The company was very active in commercial lines, but did little for agricultural settlements. Christiansen is said to have made "ten voyages" to Manhattan. He was followed by other agents. Year by year the value of these trading expeditions increased. In 1617 another fortified storehouse was built near the ruins of Fort Nassau. Treaty with Indians.-There, in 1618, the Dutch made a famous treaty with the Iroquois, who "buried the tomahawk at a spot where the Dutch promised to build a church so that it could not be dug up." In their greed for furs the whites traded firearms and fire-water for them. These children of the forest danced with glee and loudly boasted that the scalps of every Frenchman and every Algonquin in Canada would soon be dangling at their belts. This friendly relation lasted during the Dutch period (1664) and was continued by the English. The Iroquois were always the warm allies of England-even in the American sen's men who had gone up the Mohawk, crossed over to the Delaware and were descending it. 1 One of the two capes guarding the bay still bears his name. Revolution and formed a barrier against attack from Canada. The English Puritans who had been driven to Holland by persecution soon heard of the fine valley of the Hudson. James I. refused them permission to settle on English soil in America, with a guarantee of religious liberty, so they turned to the Dutch fur-dealers for aid. Early in 1620, however, the States General refused them permission to settle in New Netherland. This was because the Dutch government feared an English colony in the midst of their new province might strengthen the claim to that region already made by England. Therefore the Puritans went to New England instead of to New Netherland.1 CHAPTER IV.-NEW NETHERLAND RULED BY A The West India Company. The great wealth of this new land led to the formation of the West India Company in 1621. In addition to extensive trading rights, it was clothed with an exclusive and almost unlimited power to plant colonies and to govern them.2 Until the company organized and began to act in 1623, voyages were made to New Netherland under special permits from the States General. 'The grant given by King James to the Council for New England in 1620 included all of New Netherland. By accident the Mayflower, intended for Delaware Bay, reached Cape Cod. 2“It could make alliances and treaties, declare war and make peace. It was invested with the exclusive privilege to traffic and plant colonies on the coast of Africa from the Tropic of |