Other Railroads.-The Long Island Railroad Company was operating a road in 1844 from Brooklyn to Greenport, 95 miles. The Northern Railroad Company in 1850 opened a road from Ogdensburg to Lake Champlain. The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad was organized in 1853 by the union of short roads, and in 1882 it ran to Buffalo. The 325 miles of railroad in New York in 1838 grew to 1,019 miles in a decade. Over $73,000,000 had been invested in 1,763 miles of road (1851) doing an $8,000,000 business. To give the canals an equal chance railroads had to pay tolls, and in 1853 $661,000 was paid to the state. Up to 1867 the state had given $8,000,000 to railroads. A board of railroad commissioners was created to manage them (1855). All the cities and villages were united by railroads and stages, and scarcely any part of the state was now distant more than a day from the metropolis.

Morse's Telegraph.-With railroads came the telegraph invented by S. F. B. Morse, a resident of New York City after 1815, a scholar, artist, and teacher. In 1837 he sent a telegraph message half a mile. Congress ridiculed his request for aid at first, but finally voted $30,000 for a test (1843). A line was built from Washington to Baltimore and successfully operated. Soon lines ran from New York to all the principal cities. In 1866 these various lines were consolidated into the Western Union. The railroad and telegraph revolutionized business. The Erie Railroad first used the telegraph to do its business (1852). In 1861 New York was united with San Francisco by telegraph.

The Submarine Telegraph was discussed by Peter Cooper, Moses Tyler, and Cyrus W. Field in 1854. Morse

had proved its possibility (1842), and New York and Jersey City had been united (1848). Field organized a company to cross the Atlantic. The first attempt (1857) failed, but the next year the cable was laid (Aug. 4), and 366 messages had been sent when the wire broke. The project was resumed after the Civil War (1865), and proved to be a great success (July 27, 1866).

Express Companies. With railroads and telegraph lines arose the need of express companies. This business had been done by stage-drivers, captains of canalboats, and railroad conductors. In 1839 William F. Harnden established the first package express between New York and Boston. He soon operated other lines and even one to Europe. Alvin Adams organized the Adams Express Company (1840), which by 1854 had swallowed up seven rival companies. Money was first sent by express in 1850. Other companies soon followed-American (1850), Wells Fargo (1852), the National (1853), and the United States (1854). New York men had most to do in organizing this branch of business.

The Traffic of the Canals was not immediately injured by the railroads. In 1855 over $2,805,000 in tolls was paid to the state-all but $300,000 coming from the Erie Canal. During the 25 years after 1835 over 68,000,000 tons, valued at $3,232,775,000 or a yearly average of $129,311,000, were moved. Forest products amounted to $229,000,000, agricultural produce $912,000,000, and manufactures $185,000,000. This was a large business for that day.

CHAPTER XL.-GENERAL RESULTS OF THE BUILDING OF THE RAILROADS

World's Fair in 1853.-As a fitting celebration of the marvelous inventions and growth of the state, the first "World's Fair" in America was held in the famous iron and glass building, the Crystal Palace, in New York City. It was opened (July 14, 1853) by President Pierce, accompanied by Jefferson Davis and other cabinet members, senators, three governors, officers of the army and navy, foreign ministers, and other dignitaries. The President and cabinet were banqueted. Eleven toasts were given praising the fair, the city, the state, and the nation. Davis eulogized the flag, under which both he and his father had fought, and the blessings of peace secured through free trade.

Exhibits from all the civilized countries of the world were there from over 6,000 contributors. It was the largest collection of paintings, sculpture, arts, inventions, and products ever seen up to that time in America. The newspapers of the day gave a glowing account of the varied display. About 4,000 persons each day visited it. The New York Tribune said: "The Crystal Palace is the most eminent tribute to art and industry that this country and this century can pay." It lasted several months and did much to further develop the state and nation. Of the exhibitors 2,083 were Ameri

cans.

Growth of the State.-The railroads continued the prosperity begun by the canals. The era of railroad

building (1830-1855) was one of remarkable expansion. The population increased from 2,175,000 (1835) to 3,466,000 (1855). There were 60 inhabitants to each square mile (1850). Hamlets developed into villages, and villages into cities. When the first shovel of dirt was dug for the railroads there was not a single city west of Schenectady, but Utica and Buffalo were incorporated in 1832, Brooklyn and Rochester in 1834, Syracuse in 1847, and Auburn and Oswego, the “little New Yorks," in 1848. The wealth of the state was valued at $1,080,000,000 (1850).

New York City, the heart, pumped the life-blood of trade to and from every corner of the state. Big business enterprises could be conducted with ease at great distances from the seaport. Hence more factories were built, mills increased, stores multiplied, and money was lavishly invested. It was an era of great things. More was done in New York within a quarter of a century than in Europe in several centuries.

Cities and Villages felt a new life stimulating them. In 1850 Buffalo had a smaller population than Albany -only 42,000-but in five years it went up to 74,000— 80 per cent! The lake trade had become enormous. Buffalo was the distributing station for the western country. Factories and stores were thriving. Syracuse had changed from a village of 7,000 (1840) to an active city of 25,000 (1855), and was fast becoming famous for salt-factories. The population of Rochester more than tripled in twenty years-from 14,500 (1835) to 44,000 (1855)—and had gained a world-wide reputation through its flour-mills. Utica grew from

10,000 (1835) to 22,000 (1855). Oswego had 16,000 inhabitants, Auburn 9,500, and Troy 33,000 (1855). Brooklyn had increased nine-fold—from 24,500 (1835) to 205,500 (1855)—but Hudson, Schenectady, and Poughkeepsie had made little progress.

New York City gained more than any other. All railroads ran to her marts and there unloaded their burdens for sale or shipment across the seas. Merchants came from all directions to buy their summer and winter supplies. Great wholesale and retail houses arose. Brokers and shippers came into existence. The city became the recognized business head of the western hemisphere. During the first half of the century her population had more than doubled every decade, and in 1855 had reached 630,000. Her exports amounted to $99,000,000, and her imports reached $196,000,000 (1856). It took over 4,000 cartmen to do the transferring of goods, and 600 omnibuses to care for the passengers. The 32 churches of 1800 were 260 fifty years. later, while 250 public schools educated 80,000 children.

Industry. The railroads did even more for industry than the canals. Now working men began to leave the farm to enter mines and shops newly opened by the hundreds. There were about 24,000 establishments (1850), employing 200,000 hands and $100,000,000 capital, and producing $240,000,000 worth of goods. This was far ahead of any other state. The chief articles made were farming implements, $3,000,000; metal tools and fixings, $43,000,000; cloth, $20,000,000; chemicals, $62,000,000; steam-engines and ships, $13,000,000; grist-mills, $52,000,000; lumber-mills, $24,000,000; pottery and glass, $10,000,000; leather, $28,000,000;