In 1697, Haverhill, within thirty miles of Boston, was attacked. Governor Sloughter renewed the treaty of friendship and Commerce with the Five Nations in 1691, and as the position of that tribe covered New York, the province was quiet during the rest of the war. All the colonies below

New York remained undisturbed during the whole contest.

In 1688 the provinces of New York and New Jersey were, much against their will, united to the governor-generalship of Andros; but the practical administration of their government was left to a lieutenantgovernor, so that the union was only nominal. Apart from the tyranny of Andros, New York was disinclined to a connection with the New Englanders. Proprietary troubles retarded the prosperity of New Jersey in all this period.

The valuation of the port of New York was at this time 78,2317.; of which amount 29,2541. was owned in the South Ward. The other wards were the North, East, West, and Dock, and there were also the Harlem and Bowery suburbs.

Two-thirds of the population, numbering about 3,800 probably, subsisted by the bolting, packing, and export of Flour and Meal. About this time, the people of the province made an effort to obtain equal privileges with the town in the flour business, the latter having a monopoly secured by law. The town resisted the effort most determinedly as an attempt to destroy its prosperity and reduce it to complete poverty. This contest continued for some years.

In 1694 the shipping of New York was stated at 60 ships, 25 sloops, and 40 boats; and in 1696, at 40 ships, 62 sloops, and 60 boats. In 1696 the population was 4,302, of whom 575 were negro slaves. The population of the province by census in 1698 was 15,897 whites, and 2,170 negroes-total, 18,067.

A Printing Press was set up in New York in 1693.

The colony of William Penn was commenced in 1682. In that part of his territory now the State of Delaware, he found several thousand Dutch, Swedes, and Finns, who had carried on for many years before a regular trade with the Indians, and had possessed some outward intercourse. His administration began by establishing relations of amity and of Commerce with the aborigines. He purchased his land a second time from them, (buying at first of the English king.) The outward trade of the colony commenced immediately with its settlement. It was so prosperous in all its interests, that in four years there were twenty settlements, and Philadelphia had 2,000 inhabitants. Peltry was a leading export. Among the products of the colony, Tobacco was in such extensive culture, that in 1688-9, fourteen cargoes of it were shipped to England. It was, however, soon found impossible to sustain the rivalry of Maryland and Virginia in the culture; and the farmers of Pennsylvania, therefore, turned to the production of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, and other cereals, and to the grazing of Cattle and cutting Timber, which furnished thereafter the leading exports of the colony.

The inhabitants of Pennsylvania complained much of the poverty occasioned by the attacks of French privateers upon their Commerce during the war of William and Mary. So scarce was money at that time in Philadelphia, that pieces of tin and lead were current as small change.

Maryland and Virginia in the period under review were, as before, nearly absorbed in the production of Tobacco, though other interests were steadily

gaining. The former was troubled with religious dissensions, which retarded her progress, though not stopping it. Maryland became a royal colony in 1690, and in 1694 the town of Severn, in Ann County, was made a port of entry, under the name of Annapolis, and a custom-house established there.

. Virginia, in 1690, received an accession of several hundred French Protestant refugee families, who settled on James River. These people were the best manufacturers and mechanics of Europe, and had greatly advanced manufactures and the arts of late in various European kingdoms, where they were previously in a poor condition.

A year or two later, Andros, the defeated tyrant of New England, being appointed governor of this colony, gave "particular marks of his favor towards the propagation of cotton," which thrived more during his administration than for a long time afterward, the culture falling into neglect soon after he retired. He appears generally to have administered wisely here.

In 1694, it is stated that a Dutch brigantine from the Island of Madagascar, touching at Charleston, the captain gave to Gov. Smith about a peck of Rice in the husk. It was distributed to several farmers, and throve remarkably. In 1698, sixty tons of rice were shipped from Carolina to England, and it soon became the chief staple of South Carolina. As the colony had not before grown tobacco, its inhabitants, Macpherson says, were before this time much puzzled to find means to pay for the necessaries which they imported from England. Carolina rice soon attained the credit of being the best known. What added to the prosperity thus induced, was the abolition, in 1693, of the Philosopher Locke's illworking "Fundamental Constitutions," and the establishment of a more simple and republican form, and the final quietude of its civil dissensions in 1697.

In 1695 the Bahamas were appended to Carolina. The proprietors claimed a tenth of the Salt made at Turk's Island, and seized a vessel the same year for non-compliance with the demand.

In 1698 the first settlement was made on Pamlico, or Tar River, in North Carolina.

In 1698 the fort of Pensacola, or Pensacola Bay, Florida, was established by a body of Spaniards from Vera Cruz.

To make the designs of the Navigation Act and the general policy of exclusions more effectual, Parliament passed an act in 1696, providing that all vessels trading to or from the Asian, African, or American plantations or settlements of England, should be English, Irish, or plantation built, and that their cargoes should be English, Irish, or plantation property. Farther, that the American charter proprietors should sell their lands to none but natural-born subjects, without express license from the king in council. It provided, also, that whereas ships had heretofore unloaded tobacco, sugar, &c., in the ports of Ireland, under pretense of being driven in by stress of weather or other calamity, no ships should thereafter unlade any goods from the English American colonies in the kingdoms either of Ireland or Scotland, upon any pretense whatever, without having first landed and paid duty on the goods in England. The tendency of this act was to limit the trade of the colonies with Ireland and Scotland, and to occasion the latter to encourage, so far as they could, trade instead with

other countries. The Union, in 1707, rendered this clause void in regard to Scotland.

Another act of 1696, imposed a duty upon the import into the colonies of 12s. 6d. per pipe on Madeira wine; of 10s. 5d. per pipe on Fayal wine; and on brandy and all other foreign distilled spirits, one penny per gallon. The colonial governors and other authorities were appointed collectors of this duty. The salary allowed the governor of Rhode Island as collector at Newport under this act, was ten per cent on the gross receipts.

In 1696, also, king William erected a new standing council for Commerce called the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations. With this board the colonial governors in America were obliged to hold constant correspondence, to transmit to them the journals of the Councils and Assemblies, the accounts of the collectors of customs, naval officers, &c. No men in the kingdom seem to have more misunderstood the affairs intrusted to them than the members generally of this dignified Board, down to the time of its abolition; and it would probably be impossible to point to a single important act matured in its deliberations which conferred as much benefit upon the interests either of England or America as their utter non-action would have afforded.

In 1698 a kind of compact was made between the English and Irish governments, stipulating the exclusive possession by England of the Woolen manufacture and trade, and by Ireland of the manufacture and trade in Linen. The agreement was not kept on either side; and in 1699 England determined to stop per force the export of wool and woolen manufactures from Ireland, and at the same time from the American colonies, where the business had got so considerable as to attract some notice. An act was accordingly adopted forbidding the export of Irish wool and woolens except to England, under forfeiture of ship and cargo, beside 5007. penalty. For carriage of wool or woolen manufactures of the American plantations to any place out of the king's dominions, the same penalty was decreed. This is the first statutory recognition of the colonial woolen manufactures.

The "interlopers" in the English Slave-trade, among which American merchants were active, having in a great degree supplanted the African Company, burdened as the latter was with the expense of forts, establishments, governors, factors, servants, and other paraphernalia of a great monopoly, at Guinea and other parts of the western coast of Africa, a new system was devised to bolster up the defeated company. Parliament, in 1698, for that object, laid a duty of ten per cent ad valorem on all goods exported from either Great Britain or her colonies to any part of the African coast between Capes Mount and Good Hope. On all imports into Great Britain or the colonies from any part of the coast between Capes Blanco and Mount, the same duty was laid, excepting Red wood, which should pay five per cent, and excepting totally Negroes and Gold and Silver. The trade, both ways, was thrown open to all subjects upon precisely equal terms, except that the company obtained the advantages of the tax. One great design was to enlarge the trade, and to push the reduction which had already taken place in the sugar colonies in the price of negroes. The Royal African Company, however, after all others were onerously taxed for its benefit, was unable still to keep up the competition with the disjoined traders, although it borrowed money, called on its stock

holders for 180,000l. additional capital, and petitioned earnestly for a renewal and enforcement of the monopoly.

The long war between France and Spain had occasioned a swarm of privateers in the West Indies, which, on the peace, being unwilling to relinquish their lucrative occupation, turned their assaults indiscriminately upon all Commerce, and desolated a great part of the West India shores. The governors of some of the islands, instead of endeavoring to suppress, are said to have been in league with the bucaneers, contributing to their security and sharing in their profits. James II., in 1687, equipped a small fleet under Sir Robert Holmes, which considerably checked the operations of the freebooters for a while; but they soon resumed their ravages with augmented violence. Not only were the West Indies and Spanish America subject to their depredations, but they troubled also the coast of Carolina.

At the conclusion of the war of the allies upon France in 1697, another immense swarm of privateers, commissioned during the war by the respective powers to prey upon their enemies, were converted, if conversion was needed, into bucaneers. They infested every ocean, following legitimate navigation wherever it penetrated. The West and East Indian Archipelagoes, the Chinese seas, the Pacific and the Atlantic, were all swarmed over by these daring plunderers and murderers. It was the first time since the world was created, that the great seas had been the theater of a universal piracy. Sea robbery had always been limited before to comparatively small districts. The famous Robert Kidd was one of the freebooters of this period.

THE WEST. In 1687, the heroic La Salle, whom we have traced to Texas, left that region for the Illinois, and was shot on the way by one of his own men. The Indians soon after broke up the settlement he had left at Matagorda. In 1690 the Spaniards from Mexico established a few unimportant missions in Texas, then first so named, and in 1692 made a small settlement at San Antonio de Bexar. France, however, still claimed Texas as a part of Louisiana.

For several years after La Salle's death, the few French who had penetrated to the Lakes, the Mississippi, and other Western rivers, were left to their own resources, and devoted themselves chiefly to the fur trade, their numbers being unequal to the effort to subsist by cultivation. A small military post was maintained by them in Illinois for many years as a depot for the fur trade. It will be remembered that fortified posts were existing before this at Michilimackinack and St. Joseph, which were strength

ened in 1695.

On the peace of Ryswick, the French government turned its attention again to Louisiana. In 1698, Lemoine D'Iberville, a distinguished Canadian officer, was dispatched, at his own solicitation, from France with an expedition to effect a settlement at the Mississippi River, and open a direct trade between that region and France. It was designed also to establish communication with the upper regions and with Canada, and to build up a great colonial empire, hemming the English within a narrow belt on the Atlantic, and monopolizing the Indian trade. D'Iberville had four vessels, a company of soldiers, and about two hundred emigrants. On the 2d of March, 1699, he entered the Mississippi, never before entered from the sea, and proceeded up nearly to Red River. Returning, he passed through Iberville Bayou, lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, and erected a fort at

the head of the Bay of Biloxi, and collected the colonists there. The situation was disadvantageous, and the emigrants were not of the right stamp to make the colony prosperous.

GENERAL REVIEW-1700.

Ninety-three years had elapsed from the settlement of Jamestown, and eighty-three since the Landing at Plymouth.

An estimate in Holmes' Annals states the population of the colonies at the year 1700, as follows:

There are several very obvious errors in this estimate. The statement of the New England population is probably nearly accurate. New York, however, had, according to actual enumeration, but 18,067 inhabitants two years before, and should not be placed above 20,000. Maryland had 16,000 inhabitants in 1665, and her increase was very rapid. In 1755 her numbers were 153,564, doubling thus on an average of 28 years. Her population was now probably not less than 30,000 to 35,000 at the least. The estimate for Virginia is entirely too low. That colony had 40,000 in 1671, about 30 years before, of which only 2,000 were slaves, and was then importing from England about 1,500 servants alone yearly. In 1681 she had 14,000 taxables, which would give a total white population of about 60,000. In 1703 she had 25,023 taxables, indicating 100,000 white inhabitants. The rate of duplication there prevailing after 1649, when she had 20,000 inhabitants, was about once for every eighteen years. The total population, including slaves, could not have been less in 1700 than 110,000 to 120,000, or as large a number as that of all New England. With these corrections, the aggregate population of the colonies in 1700, stands at 327,000 to 342,000.

A confirmation of this estimate is derived from the fact that the rate of increase in the colonies aggregately is known to have been nearly the same during the greater part of the century 1700-1800, as it has been since the latter period. Taking the term of twenty-five years as the period of average duplication for that century, Pitkin finds a population in 1700 of 327,000, corresponding remarkably with the above estimate. The estimate is farther sustained by a current assumption of the time, that the colonies were able to raise 60,000 men between the ages of fourteen and sixty. Seaman, in his Progress of the Nation, estimates the population of 1700 at 320,000, of which 32,000 were slaves.

Canada, so late as 1714, was able to raise only 4,500 men between the ages of fourteen and sixty, which would indicate a population of not over 20,000 whites, women and children being comparatively scarce in that province.